The Importance Of Animal Research Essay Example For Students

The Importance Of Animal Research Essay Research on animals is important in understanding diseases anddeveloping ways to prevent them. The polio vaccine, kidney transplants,and heart surgery techniques have all been developed with the help of animal research. Through increased efforts by the scientific community, effective treatments for diabetes, diphtheria, and other diseases have beendeveloped with animal testing. Animal research has brought a dramatic progress into medicine. With the help of animal research, smallpox has been wiped out worldwide. Micro-surgery to reattach hearts, lungs, and other transplants are all possible because of animal research. Since the turn of the century, animal research has helped increase our life-span by nearly 28 years. And now, animal research is leading to dramatic progress against AIDS and Alzheimers disease. Working with animals in research is necessary. Scientists need to test medical treatments for effectiveness and test new drugs for safety before beginning human testing. Small animals, usually rats, are used to determine the possible side effects of new drugs. After animal tests have proven the safety of new drugs, patients asked to participate in furtherstudies can be assured that they may fare better, and will not do worse than if they were given standard treatment or no treatment. We will write a custom essay on The Importance Of Animal Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now New surgical techniques first must be carefully developed and tested in living, breathing, whole organ systems with pulmonary and circulatory systems much like ours. The doctors who perform todays delicate cardiac, ear, eye, pulmonary and brain surgeries, as well as doctors in training, must develop the necessary skills before patients lives are entrusted to their care. Neither computer models, cell cultures, nor artificial substances can simulate flesh, muscle, blood, and organs likethe ones in live animals. There is no alternative to animal research. Living systems are complex. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, and gland secretions are all interrelated. It is impossible to explore, explain or predict the course of many diseases or the effects of many treatments without observing and testing the entire living system. Cell and tissue cultures, often suggested as alternatives to usinganimals, have been used in medical research for many years. But these areonly isolate d tests. And isolated tests will yield only isolated results, which may bear little relation to a whole living system. Scientists do not yet know enough about living systems or diseases, nor does the technology exist, to replicate one on a computer. The information required to build a true computer model in the future will be based on data drawn fromtodays animal studies. Primates represent only about 1/3 of 1 percent of animals in research. But during the last half century, research using primates has led to major medical breakthroughs, most notably in the treatment of polio and Rh disease. Vaccines have reduced the cases of polio in the U.S. from58,000 to one or two a year at present. Scientists are learning how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)works by studying its non-human primate counterpart, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in monkeys. The SIV model is useful in testing drugs for AIDS. In addition, the HIV virus survives in certain kinds of monkeys and although it does not kill the animals, it can be removed from them. This may prove useful in testing an AIDS vaccine. Researchers are studying rhesus macaque monkeys to explore ways to reduce multiple organ failure following hypotensive shock, a loss of blood pressure due to loss of blood. Researchers have hypothesized that damage to the organs occur within the first few minutes after blood flow is reestablished, when a certain kind of white blood cell attaches to walls of blood vessels and releases toxic substances. The researchers reasoned that if, just before blood flow is reestablished, a substance that prevents the white blood cells from attaching to the vessel walls were injected into the blood stream, it might prevent the release of theirtoxic contents and avoid multiple organ damage. It is expected that thisnew technique will prove effective in human patients. .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .postImageUrl , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:visited , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:active { border:0!important; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:active , .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37 .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u57b18f527e8314e44803cddde7f94c37:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Definition Of Heroism Essay Researchers are studying obesity in monkeys in hopes of finding away to control body weight. Scientist are also using monkeys to studyTaurine deficiency, which causes vision problems, and zinc deficiency, which causes growth retardation among infants and fetuses. Researchers are currently studying to see whether reduced caloricintake can slow the rate of aging. This effect has already been observedin lower animals, and if it holds true in primates, it would be a strong indication that humans might be able to increase their life spans by eating less. Primates have the same number and relative size of teeth as humans. Macaque monkeys have been studied by dental researchers to link a specificbacterium to the growth of periodontitis, which affects 75 percent of alladults and causes 70 percent of adult tooth loss. A non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, has been shown to be effective in halting the progression of periodontal disease. Since the 1920s, scientists have studied primates in order to understand their ability to communicate. They have discovered that chimpanzees and other apes have the ability to learn and use language. Scientists already have applied their findings toward developing a special language for severely mentally retarded children, as well as young adultswith little or no linguistic competence, who cannot learn language as normal children do. People should ensure that an end is not put to progress in animal research. Biomedical researchers know that an animal in distress is simply not a good research subject. Researchers are embarked on an effort to alleviate misery, not cause it. And remember, if we want to defeat the killer diseases that still confront us, such as AIDS and Alzheimers, cancer, heart disease, and many others, the misguided fanatics of the animal-rights movement must be stopped. Think about it, it could some day be your life or your childrens.

Free Essays on Prisoner Of War

revealed only part of the reality of the forty-four months he was held captive. At the time of his capture, he weighed 180 lbs. and when he was released, he weighed a mere 100 lbs. Obviously, prisoners of war were malnourished. Red Cross supplied them with food but only one packet was actually given to his camp during the 3 and a half years he was there. The Japanese would keep the rest for their soldiers. Bread was supplied but it was mixed with sawdust so that more of it could be distributed. Many prisoners would get sick because of the food and even resorted to eating grasshoppers. Being malnourished did lead to intestinal and respiratory problems and diseases were wide spread such as malaria, tuberculosis and beriberi. ... Free Essays on Prisoner Of War Free Essays on Prisoner Of War Prisoners of War: Living With Uncertainty Is it possible that people can live in such horrible conditions and live to tell about it? In regards to World War II and people who were taken as prisoners of the war, the answer is yes, but only for a few. A prisoner of war, or POW, is a term for a member of the armed forces who is captured and confined during war. The Geneva Convention of 1929 was a series of agreements that stated that prisoners of the war would be treated humanely. But as one can imagine, humane treatment towards POWs was not strictly enforced. During times of war, enemies take men as prisoners. During World War II, both the axis and the allies took prisoners. However, those men captured by the allies were treated somewhat better than those of the axis powers were. Japan never signed the Geneva Convention and therefore did not feel obligated to its rules. In World War II, the Japanese captured 30,000 men. Among them was Arnold Green who was captured at Wake Island. This island was very small and was situated in the North Pacific Ocean. It was captured by the Japanese and held until the end of World War II. Mr. Green remembers gruesome details and his shocking words revealed only part of the reality of the forty-four months he was held captive. At the time of his capture, he weighed 180 lbs. and when he was released, he weighed a mere 100 lbs. Obviously, prisoners of war were malnourished. Red Cross supplied them with food but only one packet was actually given to his camp during the 3 and a half years he was the re. The Japanese would keep the rest for their soldiers. Bread was supplied but it was mixed with sawdust so that more of it could be distributed. Many prisoners would get sick because of the food and even resorted to eating grasshoppers. Being malnourished did lead to intestinal and respiratory problems and diseases were wide spread such as malaria, tuberculosis and beriberi. ...

Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Food - Essay Example Visiting the streets of down town Chicago demonstrates a cultural variety of foods. As you walk down the street the various smells hit you. But the question still remains what types of foods are safe to eat? However, this question extends past the Chicago land area but to the whole United States. Visiting the United States brings a large variety of different foods. Yet many of the differences in the cultural foods are associated with the use of different spices, not necessarily the actual food. Skeptics may choose not to eat a certain type of food due to stereotyping. This behavior is often seen after a mass recall is publicized on the media. Unfortunately, food associated pathogens do not discriminate to one specific type of food group. From eggs, cows and vegetables these different groups represent may of the variety of foods found in the United States. Visiting this country can bring the eater great satisfaction to find such a vast variety of foods. But these foods are never really free E. Coli, Salmonella or Listeria. Still many individuals exhibit preferences when grocery shopping towards organic or hormone free choices. According to Newsweek (n.d.), â€Å"Buying organic or local doesn’t necessarily mean you’re protected from diseases† (3). This is evident as many of the nations foods come from a few growers located in different regions of the country. Yet visitors may not be aware of the potential illnesses that could affect them as they get lost in the aromas of foods while walking down a street late at night in the United States. As a visitor you associate the smell of food with a great vacation. However, the smell of food and safety may contradict each other at times. Still as you visit this country you cannot help but enjoy the vast amounts of foods from different cultural

The Catholic Church and Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Catholic Church and Sexuality - Essay Example This is because the catholic still enjoins and enforces though in a subtle way complete obedience and docility on the principle of Roma locuta causa finite (Rome has spoken no more debate). The church has went ahead and imposed sanctions to members who have expressed divergent views on its dogmas and doctrines. In the recent times it has been observed that many Westerners, scholars, Catholic priests and nuns around the world have rejected the Catholic Church stand on sexual morality because of what they consider as lack of conformity with reality concerning sexual situations. Because in real situation if we go by the Catholic Church’s stand then incidences of unwanted pregnancies, procured abortions, sinkers and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) will spontaneously shoot to uncontrolled levels. Discussion The Catholic Church is considered as the most conservative force with respect to attitudes towards the accepted codes of social behavior. This requires that none of the Cat holic faithful goes against its doctrines. On the understanding of the Catholic Church that it is run by humans, some human traits can not trail it. Among them is the tendency to mask the freedom expression which curtails the freedom of those who want to give their views on sexual related issues like use of condoms to prevent spread of HIV virus, transgender persons and marriage. This is based on the fact that the Catholic Church loves and upholds absolute obedience as opposed to objection, contradiction, and independent opinion to those who oppose the views taken by the church. According to Abioye (4), basically the Catholic Church perceives that any form of sexual act outside marriage is a sin according to the doctrines therefore is excluded from sacramental communion. Besides, the church regards the usage of any form of artificial contraceptive equally as a sin. Though in contrast, the church insists that life must be respected and protected completely from the moment of concepti on. The church stipulates, â€Å"A person who procures an abortion a completed abortion incurs excommunication latae senteiae, by the very commission of the offence.† This stand taken by the church is supposed to be followed without too much questioning. Many scholars disagree with the Catholic stand on sex before marriage. This is because it lacks conformity with reality. St. Augustine of Hippo says on Church doctrines, â€Å"†¦..dramatizes the fear of sexual pleasure, equating pleasure with perdition in such a way that anyone who tries to follow his train of thought will have the sense of being trapped in a nightmare.† Their have been intensive research done and it has been observed by Hardon that, â€Å"neither the Jewish Talmund no the Moslem Quran and Hadith forbid polygamy, contraception or abortion.† The Catholic Church objects with zeal that the use of contraceptives and abortion. But on medical grounds abortion is allowed so as to save the life of the mother if it is in danger. According to Abioye (6), the ecclesiastical belief is that the use of contraceptives should not be encouraged because it creates room for sexual permissiveness. To some extent the statement is justifiable but

Assess the impact of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) on consumers and Essay

Assess the impact of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) on consumers and employees in developing countries. Answers should draw on examples and theories of international trade taught on this module - Essay Example Export Processing Zones holds pregnant promises to developing countries, with the hope of enlivened economy through foreign direct investors. It is just fitting therefore to study how they have affected developing societies through the eyes of the consumers and the laborers. EPZs are also designed to generate jobs for locals. With the presence of foreign investors and with the usually cheap labor in developing countries, Export Processing Zones promise job opportunities and improvement. Aside from the locals directly employed in the EPZs, it also adds to employment through backward and forward linkages. Backward linkage is formed through raw materials and financing suppliers which are mainly locals while forward linkage is observed through the spending of employees of EPZs (Ahmadu). The ability to export products even by developing countries, and benefit that they gets from the trade is clearly described by David Ricardo in his theory of comparative advantage. According to Ricardo, even if a country has the absolute advantage in all products, meaning he is the most efficient among all countries in production, it will still be worthwhile to trade with another country, so that both would be benefitted (Mankiw, 1998). David Ricardo constructed a two-country, two-good example with one country having the absolute advantage in the production of both and using the concept of opportunity cost, he was able to conclude that even in this situation trade would make both better off as this allows each country to specialize in the product that he does best. The Labor condition, however, is also a question. EPZ workers are observed to receive lower wages than their non-EPZ workers counterparts. In Sri Lanka, for example, earnings of workers in the electronics sector are slightly lower than the national wages in the same jobs while in South Korea and the Philippines, payment for overtime works are tied to normal working hours (Ahmadu). Payment incentive schemes that include "demerit points" that affect wages and job security increased work hours and inensity (Ahmadu). This disadvatanges happens due to the absence of regulatory authorities in Export Processing Zones. Due to this adverse work condition, unionisation is prevalent among EPZs, although union activities are limited in some countries. In the Philippines, for example, strike are unathorized, based on the recognition that EPZs are very crucial to the country's economic success. On Employment: The Philippine Case The Philippines has four Export Processing Zones, found in the provinces of Bataan, Cebu, Benguet and Cavite. Among these are 16 government-administered regional industrial centres and 36 private-owned businesses. The EPZs has been strongly supported by the past administrations beginning from President Marcos up to the Arroyo Administration. A study of the Center for Applied Research and Library Services in the country, however, has revealed that EPZ has been discriminatory against women in terms of employment with women required to be single and college educated while men are not and that jobs that require higher skills are usually given to men

Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G Wireless Communications

Hybrid Beamforming Design for 5G Wireless Communications To comply with evolving 5G standards, higher data rates (and greater bandwidth), lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations are needed. While 5G standards are still very much evolving, the goals for higher data rates, lower-latency network accesses, and more energy-efficient implementations are clear. And with higher data rates comes the need for wider bandwidth spectrums. Today, available bandwidth in the spectrum up through 6 GHz isnt sufficient to satisfy these requirements. This, in turn, has helped move the target operating frequency bands up into the millimeter-wave range for the next generation of wireless communication systems. The small wavelengths at these higher frequency bands enable implementations with many more antenna elements per system within very small form factors. However, it also increases the signal-path and propagation challenges associated with operating at these frequencies. For example, the path loss for a 60-GHz waveform is approximately 10.5 dB/km, while a 700-MHz waveform experiences path loss on the order of 0.01 dB/km. These losses can be offset with intelligent array design and the use of spatial signal-processing techniques, including beamforming. This type of processing is enabled by large arrays and can be used directly to provide higher link-level gains to overcome path loss and undesirable interference sources. To achieve the most control and flexibility with beamforming in an active array design, its desirable to have independent weighting control over each antenna-array element. This requires a transmit/receive (T/R) module dedicated to each element. For array sizes typical of a large multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) communication system (e.g., over a thousand elements), such an architecture is difficult to build due to cost, space, and power limitations. For example, implementing a very high performance analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for every channel (along with the supporting components) can drive the cost and power beyond allocated design budgets. Similarly, having variable gain amplifiers in the RF chain for each channel increases system cost. Going Hybrid Hybrid beamforming is a popular technique that can be used to partition beamforming between the digital and RF domains. System designers can implement hybrid beamforming to balance flexibility and cost tradeoffs while still fielding a system that meets the required performance parameters. Hybrid-beamforming designs are developed by combining multiple array elements into subarray modules. A T/R module can be dedicated to multiple elements in the array; thus, the system will require fewer T/R modules. The number of elements in each subarray can be selected to ensure that system-level performance is met across the range of steering angles. Using the transmit path as an example, each element within a subarray can have a phase shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques based on complex weighting vectors can be applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Digital beamforming allows for control of the signal for both amplitude and phase on signals aggregated at the subarray level. For cost and complexity reasons, the RF control is typically limited to applying phase shifts to each of the elements. Diagram here, Figure 1 Figure 1. A hybrid-beamforming architecture has partitioning between the digital and RF domains. Multiple array elements are combined into subarray modules. Each element within a subarray has a phase shift applied directly in the RF domain, while digital beamforming techniques are applied on the signals that feed each subarray. Systems such as the one shown in Figure 1 are complex to develop. Modeling techniques can be used to design and evaluate large antenna arrays and the corresponding RF and digital architectures needed to help manage their complexity. These techniques help reduce risk and validate design approaches at the earliest stages of a project. In addition, its important to evaluate subsystem designs in the context of the larger system. For example, how will hybrid beamforming tradeoffs affect the bit error rate on communications with a mobile device? Designing the Array The first step in the design process is to model and design the array. This includes converging on array design choices such as the array geometry, element spacing, the lattice structure of the elements, and tapering. In addition, the effects of mutual coupling are important to characterize before implementing the final design. Once an initial configuration of the array design is complete, architectural partitioning can be iteratively evaluated against the overall system performance. With millimeter-wave systems, the area is reduced in proportion to the wavelength size. As an example, an antenna array designed at millimeter-wave frequencies can be up to 100 times smaller than an array designed to operate at microwave frequencies. By building an array with a larger number of antenna elements, we can achieve a high beamforming gain. The highly directive beam helps offset the increased path loss at higher frequencies of operation, as beams are steered to a specific direction. To achieve steering in azimuth and elevation, a uniformly spaced planar array in the y and z plane can be designed. The larger number of elements provides a high level of directivity. The design also has tapering applied to the rows and columns of the array to reduce sidelobe levels. To help reduce the effects of mutual coupling, the spacing between elements can be slightly increased. As is the case with all design choices, the larger antenna gains achieved with narrower beams must be balanced with the fact that MIMO systems are based on scattering environments. These environments also depend on broader beam patterns to maximize channel capacity. This tradeoff can be assessed as part of the modeling, too. The image on the right side of Figure 2 shows that with spacing of wavelength/2 between the elements, no grating lobes are present across the full range of steering directions, as expected. Its important to understand the impacts here, because it may be necessary to increase the spacing between the elements to mitigate the effects of mutual coupling. This crucial design consideration must be accounted for at this juncture. Fortunately, at the higher frequencies, where wavelength/2 spacing is quite small to start with, an increase in element separation by 10% of a wavelength only requires a change of less than 0.5 mm at 66 GHz. Figure 3 shows the tradeoff that must be considered when using a grating lobe diagram with a 10% increase in the spacing between the elements. For this example, grating lobes are only present with azimuth and elevation angles outside  ±54.9 degrees. Extending the Model Fidelity Next, in a more detailed example, an array is built up as a collection of subarrays. The element used in this example, which is based on a patch antenna designed for 66-GHz resonance, is no longer ideal. The element pattern for a single patch element is shown in Figure 4. To build up an array using this pattern, each subarray is modeled as an 8-1 element uniform linear array, where each element has a pattern response from the patch element. The resulting array structure can be visualized like that shown in Figure 5, with each subarray (8 elements 1 subarray) on the left and the full array (1 subarray replicated in 8 columns) on the right. From the hybrid-beamforming perspective, each of the elements within the 8-1 array can be passed through a phase shifter for steering in the elevation plane. We see how this can be modeled in the RF domain with the phase shifters in the following section. Each of the eight signals that feed the subarrays can be controlled via digital beamforming techniques to steer the beam in azimuth. Figure 2 shows the resulting beam pattern for the array in the above configuration, which has been calculated using superposition. Hybrid-Beamformer Partitioning We can then partition the architecture for the transmit chain with the phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and complex weights (applied in the digital domain). For basic analysis, the weights are able to be generated using MathWorks MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and Antenna Toolbox code, as shown in the code below: This MATLAB code is used to model analog phase shifts (applied in the RF domain) and digital complex weights (applied in the digital domain). Weights are generated with MATLAB, Phased Array System Toolbox, and Antenna Toolbox. Applying the array design parameters, the digital weights and the RF phase shifts generated in MATLAB earlier (a multi-domain simulation) can be performed using the architecture model in Simulink (Fig. 7). In this block diagram, the phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding each of the subarrays. 7. In the multi-domain hybrid architecture, digital weights and RF phase shifts generated in MATLAB can be used within the architectural model in Simulink and SimRF. The phase shifts are provided as inputs to each of the subarrays, which are then applied to the RF signals. The digital beamforming weights are used to shape the signals feeding the subarrays. Figure 8 provides a detailed view into a single RF Array block from Fig. 7. The RF phase shifters shown in Fig. 8 perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane. 8. Here, an RF transmit chain uses SimRF blocks to control phase shifters (a single RF Transmit Array block is shown). The RF phase shifters perform the beamforming in the elevation plane, while the baseband weights provide the beamforming in the azimuth plane. Multi-Beam Hybrid System Architectures The model can be extended to support multi-user beamforming systems. To do this, the baseband beamforming blocks described above are employed to create multiple beams from the array to cover multiple users concurrently (Fig. 9). This beamforming can also be used to account for the path variations between the transmitter and the desired user locations. The resulting signals are able to be combined to perform the RF beamforming and serve the different users in a sector at specific distances from the base station. As discussed earlier, the subarray modules enable coarse elevation angle adjustment (by phase shifters), and multi-user groups can be arranged by distance in a ring structure to effectively provide areas of coverage. 9. Base band beam forming blocks create multiple beams to cover multiple users concurrently, and can also be used to account for the path variations between the transmitter and the desired user locations. Summary By implementing a hybrid-beamforming system, designers can strike a balance between meeting system performance goals and system-level cost objectives. Developing a hybrid beamformer and evaluating algorithm alternatives is only the first step toward achieving the required performance of a wireless communications system. To assess performance, the beamformer must be integrated into a system-level model and evaluated over a collection of parameter, steering, and channel combinations. Modeling these beamforming algorithms in the context of an entire system, including RF, antenna, and signal-processing components, can help verify design choices at the earliest phases of the project and reduce the associated challenges. Singular Value Decomposition Singular value decomposition (SVD) is quite possibly the most widely-used multivariate statistical technique used in the atmospheric sciences. The technique was first introduced to meteorology in a 1956 paper by Edward Lorenz, in which he referred to the process as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. Today, it is also commonly known as principal-component analysis (PCA). All three names are still used, and refer to the same set of procedures within the Data Library. The purpose of singular value decomposition is to reduce a dataset containing a large number of values to a dataset containing significantly fewer values, but which still contains a large fraction of the variability present in the original data. Often in the atmospheric and geophysical sciences, data will exhibit large spatial correlations. SVD analysis results in a more compact representation of these correlations, especially with multivariate datasets and can provide insight into spatial and temporal variations exhibited in the fields of data being analyzed. There are a few caveats one should be aware of before computing the SVD of a set of data. First, the data must consist of anomalies. Secondly, the data should be de-trended. When trends in the data exist over time, the first structure often captures them. If the purpose of the analysis is to find spatial correlations independent of trends, the data should be de-trended before applying SVD analysis.

Love story set in World War One :: English Literature Essays

Love story set in WWI A shell struck near the trench, forcing debris towards Robert. He awoke with start. His friend laughed at Robert's startled expression. "Are you still not used to that?" Dougie said wryly, knowing that no-one could ever overcome the shock of the trenches. "Here, I saved you these." He handed over some biscuits. Robert thanked him. He tried to break the biscuit to see how hard it was. He found it very difficult to snap so he wet it and smashed it to small pieces with a brick. He had learnt the hard way that biting biscuits could very easily break teeth. "Young Tom died" Dougie said nonchalantly, whilst picking lice from his head. Robert watched as he threw them into the flame of a candle. Dougie had been in the war since the start and found it easy to not get affected by the sort of things that went on. "Oh." Robert and Tom were fairly good friends. They had spoken days earlier about how they were looking forward to seeing their wives. A lump formed in Robert's throat. He spoke with a choked voice. "What happened to him?" What affected Robert the most in situations like this was that they reminded him that his life was virtually meaningless to the country and that he was in serious danger all of the time. He knew that he could very easily be dead within the hour. "He was shot on his side, about here," Dougie pointed to his lower back. "He fell down and couldn't get back up. He drowned in the mud." A shiver tickled Robert's spine. He had heard many stories of injured men drowning in the swamped ground. He had always considered it to have been the worst way to go. Sinking into the mud. Feeling your mouth fill with the slimy, watery soil. Having it in your throat. Not being able to breathe. Knowing that you could stop it all by standing up, but being unable to. Passing into unconsciousness. Dying. Robert checked the rota. He was on sentry duty. His body ached. He was eating poorly, having little sleep and working too much. The conditions in the trench added to his bad health immensely. Fleas covered his body and his frustrated scratching had meant that there were areas on his body where he had clawed his skin off. His open wounds were often infected because he very rarely had the opportunity to wash.