SPECIAL EDUCATION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

SPECIAL EDUCATION - Essay Example â€Å"We’ve known for a long time that students with MR (mental retardation) are better off educationally if they can spend at least part of the day in a typical classroom,† said James McLeskey, chair of special education in UF’s College of Education and an author of the study. â€Å"We’ve found that there are still lot of students who could be included in the general classroom, but aren’t included.† Before the mid-1970s, most children with mental retardation were completely segregated from other children in the school system, if they were formally educated at all. Society widely viewed these children as uneducable, and those who did attend school were sent to institutions solely for children with mental retardation. Both children and their parents often viewed these institutions as dehumanizing and ineffective – and by the late 1960s, educators had assembled a large body of research to show that children with mental retardation did indeed perform much better when schooled, at least part-time, among the general student population. That research led Congress to pass a 1975 law requiring a more inclusive environment for students with mental retardation. Surveys in the 1980s and early 1990s showed that schools had made little progress toward implementing that mandate. In an article published in the spring 2006 issue of the journal Exceptional Children, UF researchers – including doctoral candidates Pam Williamson, David Hoppey and Tarcha Rentz – revisited the question, taking a comprehensive look at placement rates for students with mental retardation in all 50 states and the District of Columbia during the 1990s. They found some very good news. â€Å"Inclusion seems to have genuinely caught on in the 1990s,† said Williamson, the lead author of the study. â€Å"By the end of the decade, a student with MR was almost twice as likely to be educated in the general

Facebook and Privacy Essay Example for Free

Facebook and Privacy Essay Objective Summary: Ex-Apple Engineer, Peter Warden, has collected public fan page data from 215 million Facebook pages, revealing current trends, such as ‘God’ being the number one most popular fan page among Facebook users in the Southern U.S., whereas ‘Barack Obama’ featured heavily for San Francisco users, and ‘Starbucks’ was number one in Idaho. Warden plans to release this data to the academic community because he sees great potential in the data that can be extracted from these sites. This process is called data harvesting. The article suggests future academic work in this area is likely to occu impacting on peoples privacy. (FACTS 100 words) Response: The ETHICAL issue central to this article is privacy and control. On one hand, Warden claims his intentions are altruistic (helpful to others) and that the data he is making visible here is a matter of public discourse. However, the FACTS are that individual users who are generating this data have neither been consulted about the data collection nor have they given permission for Warden to use it. Clearly Warden does not VALUE others peoples privacy as much as he WANTS (emotion) to create the website. The argument could be made that once a user ‘becomes a fan’ of a page on Facebook or, indeed, publishes any content to the internet, that information becomes public. User who have deployed privacy settings to carefully maintain a strong sense of control over their profiles, however, might well feel very ANGRY about this use of their data. Facebook can harvest that data (and does, for targeted advertising purposes) because they have a commitment to those advertisers (emotion )and engineers like Warden can develop data-trawling engines to collect accessible information across a massive dataset. The LAW needs to be much clearer about the rights of consumers, companies and advertisers in these situations. As Facebook is presumably bound by its own set of critically considered ETHICAL guidelines, these are neverthess underpinned by commercial VALUES and a vested interest (emotion) in keeping the data of its users from competitors. Warden claims to be operating under his own set of ethics that privilege (value) the furthering of knowledge. The issue then shifts to the academic community. Warden contends that one of his central motivations for collecting this data was so that he could share it with the academic community. Although this claim may be true, most (if not, all) Universities have clear ETHICAL guidelines for research that explicitly VALUE and therefore require consent from participants. If none of the users gave consent for their data to be collected in this way, this in effect denies them a sense of AGENCY. Thus, academically, this data is tainted. While its implications are important the trends it makes visible are crucial to understanding the localised structures of social network sites like Facebook. Personally, I would believe people should be able to tick a box that gives consent for the use of their personal material. I do not believe, either, that it should be one of those boxes you are obliged to tick before being able to use a site: that removes my personal AGENCY and I VALUE this very much. It should be up to me to decide whether other people get my data. If this sort of system was in place, everyone would know the FACTS, everyone would understand what is going on and no one would feel (emotion) betrayed or exposed unfairly.

The Definitions of Community Development

The Definitions of Community Development This study is focused on community development work. It identifies the definitions of community as an initiative to the study and gradually expands the study to a broader extent of the field of community development. It analyses the strengths and problems in communities and then the consideration was given to identify how to develop marginalization Social exclusion. After expanding the study in above area it is analyzed the knowledge skills requirements in Community Development for a community worker under that several important areas has been discussed. Facilitation of Community Development worker in community initiatives is the next section described in this study accordingly it was separately discussed contribution made by community development worker, role of community development worker in empowering community, importance of Knowledge skills of the community to sustain and the methods of devolving responsibility for sustaining a project The impact of project work on communities has been discussed under the next section of this study accordingly under that area the potential long term short term effect of projects of projects on communities, Potential barriers for successful community development activities and the ways of overcoming barriers to community development has been described. As a whole when it comes to the whole study area it can be explained that this study covers a vital area of the subject area and it expands the knowledge and skills of a student to discover his or her potential to in the field of studies. The each and every section of the study provides the opportunity to identify and analyze different areas under the field of study in a broader context. Rather than providing just theoretical knowledge to the student the structure of the study provides a very good framework to get a practical knowledge on the field of study. Examine Definitions of Community Community Development Definitions of Community Community Development Definitions onCommunity According to the studies and analysis of a team of research members of the department of Town Country Planning University of Moratuwa it is explained a community as a social group of any dimension whose members exist in a specific locality and share government, and mostly have a common cultural and historical heritage. Further they elaborate a community is a social, religious, occupational, or other group who are sharing most of common features or interests. According to the above definition it is informed that there are several social groups exists in the society and according to their social group people gather in a same locality and create a common culture among them, further according to that definition most of these social groups develop these communities in accordance with the religion, occupation or their social status or etc. As described by the www.ourcivilization.com it is explained that a community is set of people sharing a common perceptive who expose themselves by using the same language, manners, customs and law, which is known as their tradition. This definition is also provides a meaning as above which says a community is a group of people who are having same type of interest and living pattern. Another study on community explains a community as a social group of any magnitude whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage. Accordingly when consider about all these definitions about community, a community can be defined as a gathering of set of people who is having same characteristics and behavior and living in a specific location which empowers their behavior pattern. Definitions on Community Development Community development can be explained as the process of serving a community strengthen the community and develop in order to achieve e its full potential. The facilitators on community development work in partnership with local people and organizations to meet identified needs. According to the study of Prof. W.G.Kularatne, Social science professor of University of Colombo, Sri Lanka describes Community Development means enhancing the quality of peoples lives and increasing their potential to shape their own futures through improving their access to opportunities to better themselves. As per the web site www.envision.ca/templates/profile.asp describes community development is not economic development economic development is only a part of it. Community development is the procedure or attempting of building communities on a local level with emphasis on building the economy, forming and strengthening social ties, and developing the non-profit sector. Strengths Problems in Communities Strengths of the Community When there is a community there is a feeling of belongingness among the members of the community, this creates many more potential for them to develop as a team. This feeling leads them to create their own values and identities. When there is a particular community is established an effective educational delivery system could be developed easily for the wellbeing of that community. When there is a community a core health system and a sanitary system can be easily developed for that community which will lead for the well-being of them. When there are established religious communities it is easy to undertake their religious activities without interruptions. A community develops a better culture and it creates a better living standard for that community. Problems in Communities There are several problems associated with communities. Communities creates gangs, this means when people are living for a long time in a particular one community it creates the we feeling among them, this we feeling is really good for a society but in most cases this we feeling in communities has become dangerous because when they form together they are tend to do illegal things. Formulation of communities can be dangerous when they are formed with the intention of very stick rules and regulations. For an example when there are people formed merely on the basis of religions sometimes it can be harmful for the other communities. Communities are viable for fights. Even the members in the particular community living with common interest still there is a strong possibility Marginalization Social exclusion Marginalization and social exclusion can be developed due to several reasons. One of the main reasons is the income of the people, income acts as a main reason for peoples marginalization and exclusion when people do not have enough money for their social living they hide out from the society. The education level is also a critical factor for social marginalization, when people have low education they are living only in a particular social level as a result certain group of people marginalizes in the society. The religious and cultural believes is also a reason for social marginalization. Due to some cultural believes and as well the religious believes people live away from the society. Knowledge Skills Requirements in Community Development Knowledge Skills Requirements in Community Development Community Development Initiative Community Development Initiative (CDI) provides a diversity of training and learning opportunities for communities. It is initiated with the development of social work. Under community development initiatives it identifies the various people in various level and identify their requirements and provide and implement programs for their wellbeing. Process Involved in Harness Community Action There are several ways involved in harness community action but this method is mostly used in community action projects and plans and even in Belfordshire Universal health care home which is well known in Bedfordshire is also using the following methods in their community development initiatives. Step One Start with Where You Are If we need to harness the best out of community action the first thing we have to do is educate ourselves. It means the conducting person or the decision making team should understand the method and the benefits of community action. Otherwise this will be a total misconduct. As we know anything will be success if only the leader is a effective person. Otherwise other subordinates cannot implement the project effectively. Accordingly the team or the person who is going to undertake the community action plan should get educated himself. He or she can refer relevant books and articles that speak to the importance and benefits of community action plan and also refer project related Web site for annotated bibliographies of research, articles, news and other resources. And also another best method is get people talking Have conversations with your own personal networks. Share Last Child in the Woods. Find out who else might be interested, because the practical experience is more important than reading. Your research and analysis will identify a wide variety of characteristics within the community, contributing to the value of the discussion, the richness of the vision, and the resources available. The participant analysis looks for perspectives based on such elements as specific interests, location in the region, their connection to education or nature, occupation, gender, age, economics, and religious practice. From this you will get yourself familiar with the project. Step Two Create Connection This means get connect with the community knowledge base about what is happening in your community and who might have a natural affinity for this issue. As you conduct these interviews, natural champions will emerge with the passion for the issue and skill place you need. Some or all of these champions will become your small group of community leaders who will perform the functions of the Initiating Committee (IC). Be sure to follow up this initial interview with appropriate communications-a summary of your interview and meeting notes, thank you e-mails, notes or calls. Step Three- Create Initiating Committee The Initiating Committee (IC) is consisting of five to fifteen community leaders. These leaders are selected from researching and interviewing the relevant members of selected community who appeared during your mapping process. Members of the IC should reproduce the variety of the community and present credibility to the process by their involvement. Their primary responsibility is organizational development. This small operational group will focus on several distinct and important tasks such as defining the capacity of the project, humanizing the process, identifying a diverse group of stakeholders to come together to work or make groups for implementation of the results, beginning essential and useful research, and providing the structure to support the work that follows. Step Four Identifying and Recruiting the Stakeholder Group Stakeholder group is the group who is doing the planning consisting with stakeholder group of 40 to 70 people who reflect the diversity of the community. A systematic analysis of the comfort and perspective that exist within the community will be created. They will contribute to discuss about the richness of the vision, and the resources for implementation of the strategies. The participant analysis should be based on such elements as specific interests, location in the region, occupation, gender, age, economic condition, religious practice, and any other descriptive elements identified by the IC. Step Five Kick-Off Event This means a kind of a large scale public awareness even and it can be a awareness by walking. At minimum, it should involve the stakeholders identified by the IC. Participants should be formally invited to the kick-off no later than 6 weeks prior to the event and ideally as many as 10 weeks in advance. The formal invitation should itself be a reflection of the unbiased variety you hope to achieve at the event and should be issued from the leaders of at least two or three partnering organizations. The Stakeholder Group begins its work with a kick-off event. The kick off serves to inspire the participants, create an understanding about the initiative and provide an opportunity for the stakeholders to get to know one another and begin the development of a high performance team. The kick-off event should be part social gathering, part pep rally, and part media event. Then after that get the ideas of the participants. Step Six Kick-off event and Afterwards This means stakeholders will develop strategies and products. This can be done as group works. Then they can come out with alternative ideas. Step Seven Community Outreach Throughout the planning phase of the process, you will want to conduct a number of outreach activities to support the effort. It is critical to make sure that there is widespread public awareness of the work to make the project that anyone who is interested can have input into the plan through the Stakeholder Group. The outreach strategy should encourage a two-way dialogue between stakeholders in their planning work and the community as a whole. Step Eight Implementation This may include Managing the ongoing implementation process. Serve as a central clearinghouse and resource to the task groups. Monitor and support individual activities and projects. Help to make resources for individual activities and projects. Provide course to the in general initiative Coordinator. Step Nine Monitoring, assessment and refinement mechanisms This step is enormously important to maintain the interest and involvement of as many of the stakeholders and the strategic planning process participants as probable while continuing to recruit new help. Motivation for progressing participation often arises from the ownership the participants experience for the plan they have created and the wish to see their information get hold. Early success during the implementation stage allows this. Facilitation of Community Development worker in community initiatives Contribution Role made by community development worker The community development officer has to play a vital role in community development. It is not wrong if we say that successfulness of community development totally depends on the contribution of the community development officer. Community development officer works in different aspects to ensure the successfulness of community development programs. Under community development the community development officer has to contribute as a good negotiator to the society because in community development activities different type of people are met and they acts differently therefore a community development officer has to act as a good negotiator when deal with different type of people that contribution of a community development officer is essential for the successful community development. The Community development officer should work as a interpreter to ensure his successful contribution. When work with different communities there education and level of understanding is different, therefore the community development officer should be interpret and describe properly for the community. Another important contribution of a community development officer is a community development officer should work as a role model; otherwise the community development activity does not become successful. Most of the people in the community look and tries to imitate the community development officer as their role model, therefore every community development officer should, contribute to its development by being a role model. As a whole to ensure the successfulness of community development programs the community development officer should contribute by doing his duty not as a job but as a social service, that is the main contribution expected from a community development officer. Importance of Knowledge skills of the community to sustain In community development the knowledge and skills of the community is highly importance in order to ensure the successfulness of the program. In one hand their skills is useful because it helps for the community development officer to absorb the initiatives done in the program. It is not successful to implement program for a people who are totally unskilled and not willing for change and development. On the other hand the knowledge of the community becomes helpful because when they are in knowledge they provide more participation for the initiative. The participation of the community is highly required for the successfulness of the community development programs. Anyhow it can be defined that to make sure the programs are successful it is required to have at least a minimum level of knowledge and skill for the community. Methods of devolving responsibility for sustaining a project Partial responsibility should be given to the community in order to ensure successfulness of community development programs otherwise the development initiative become only a one-way program which doesnt successful at all. Accordingly there are several methods where we can distribute the responsibility for the community. Accordingly one of the successful methods is taking the ideas of the community in each and every part of the project. In that some key persons from the community is selected and then let them to work with the community development officers to deliver the responsibility to the community. This is very effective because this method allows people to work with the officers and accordingly the community becomes the real participants of the program. One of the other methods is providing monitoring for the community. In this method the monitoring part of the program is delivered to the community, then the community ensures to unstopped implementation of the program which is also highly effective. Impact of Project work on communities Potential long term short term effect of projects on communities There are several long term and short term potential effects on projects. Accordingly in short term people get aware about the development initiatives and tend to work with that basically in long term the project outcomes works out an gradually it becomes a tradition of the community. Normally in most community development projects in short term there may be different unusual behaviors seen from the society this means let say a community who lived in a shanty houses very transformed to a housing apartment, as a result of that immediate transformation of the living environment, it affects totally on the lives of them. Sometimes in short term they may behavior very unusually sometimes they may be doing different unacceptable activities. In short term all this happen because human being take some time to admire to a change. But in long term people accepts the change. Potential barriers for successful community development activities Ways of overcoming barriers to community development In community development there may be several barriers, one of the main reason is un-willingness of community to accept the initiative. Due to un education or any other reason in most times at first the communities rejects the change, so to avoid that the best thing we can do is give proper awareness about the initiatives that we have planned out. Another potential barrier is the influence of few powerful groups of people. This means in most cases when majority accepts the program only few people who are very powerful in the community influences and break the initiative, only thing we can do is give proper awareness to the majority. Conclusion This study covers a wide area on community development. Accordingly the study firstly assessed the definitions on community and community development which provided a broader area of knowledge on its definitions. After working on that the next study was o identifying strengths and as well the problems in the communities, accordingly it was found that there are huge potentials in a community and as well several problems when gather as a community. After that it was identified the reasons for the social marginalization. In the next section it was studied community actions as a sequential process. After that the consideration has been given to studying on facilitation of Community Development worker in community initiatives under that it was deeply studied the Contribution role made by community development worker , Importance of Knowledge skills of the community to sustain and methods of devolving responsibility for sustaining a project. In the latter part of the study impact of Project work on communities has been described. As a whole this study provides a good knowledge in the community development while providing the opportunity to get more practical knowledge on the subject area.

Expectations Fulfilled (cheating) :: essays research papers

Expectations Fulfilled When one hears stories about cheating, automatically the first response that the individual will have is that the person who cheated is heartless. Oftentimes people have mistakenly misjudged the person who has cheated on their loved one. There is always another disclosed side of the story of the deceitful person. For instance, in â€Å"The Bridges of Madison County,† Francesca Johnson is a woman who has encountered a non-intimacy life and lacks exoticness in her marriage with Richard. Unintentionally, one day she utterly falls for a stranger name Robert Kincaid. Despite an instant attraction between them, Francesca Johnson let herself be unchaste because Kincaid fulfilled her expectations, provides intimacy, and stimulates romance.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to keep a relationship alive, one’s expectations must come through. Johnson is a woman who lives in a sheltered life. She does not do many activities nor do anything appealing. It might seem as though she lives a plain life, but in her heart she has expectations that needs to be fulfilled. â€Å"And women were starting to have expectations about their allotted place in the grander scheme of things, as well as what transpired in the bedroom of their lives. Men such as Richard-most men, she guessed-were threatened by these expectations† (108). The fact is true, a woman’s expectations are needed to be acquired or else the woman will go else where to consume it. In other words, Francesca Johnson found everything that she wanted in a man that is disguise in Kincaid. Therefore, because of Kincaid’s understanding of her, she cannot help it but to fall for him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition, intimacy is needed in the relationship in order to have a close bond. Johnson is a woman who loves to be intimate with her husband, Richard. Unfortunately, Richard’s lacking of intimacy has taken a toll on Francesca. In other words, â€Å"She was more of a business partner to him than anything else† (80). The emotion that Johnson is feeling is not mutual. She wants to encounter affection but however, Richard is not aware. Subsequently, â€Å"Richard was interested in sex only occasionally, every couple of months, but it was over fast, rudimentary and unmoving, and he didn’t seem to care much about perfume or shaving of any of that† (80). Thus, Richard makes Francesca feel like a loveless person who needs to break free from the life that she has. Nevertheless, the intimacy that she wanted does not lie in Richard but lies in Kincaid.

Effective Contract Management Essay

Sarah states that good contract management is to prevent the high cost of the contract penalty clause, should dictate each move made with a contracted entity. Part of effective contract management is developing comprehensive training programs that inform employees of the benefits of following the terms of the contract. For example, purchasing employees at Sarah’s company are informed of the various ways that an agreement with a vendor can benefit the company to save money. Without this reporting, the two sides have no way of monitoring the benefits of the agreement and developing any changes to make when the agreement comes up for renewal. Effective reporting also keeps track quantities that help both sides monitor their usage and determine when contract limits may have been met. Sarah’s company relies on contracts with suppliers to keep her business running efficiently. Shippers, vendors, and financial institutions etc. all require a high level of contract management t o maintain efficient relationships with all of them. Understanding the effect of a good contract administration is essential in business making decisions that would maximize revenues and minimize risks. A contract is drawn up to create the guidelines for a business relationship. When parties abide by the terms of a contract, the company gains from the benefits that it has to offer. But poor contract administration can cause businesses to violate terms of the contract, which can lead to penalties, fines and a potential lawsuit. Good contract management is to prevent the high cost of the contract penalty clause, should dictate each move made with a contracted entity. Part of effective contract management is developing comprehensive training programs that inform employees of the benefits of following the terms of the contract. For example, in my company the purchasing people are informed of the various ways that an agreement with a vendor can benefit the company and how it will save the company money. Without this reporting, the two sides have no way of monitoring the benefits of the agreement and developing any changes to make when the agreement comes up for renewal. Effective reporti ng also keeps track of quantities that help each side monitor their usage and determine when contract limits may have been met.

The Effects of Substrate Concentration, Reaction Time and Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Reactions

The Effects of Substrate Concentration, Reaction Time and Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Reactions Corey von Ellm-St. Croix Rachael Kwan ID#: 20427841 Matthew Hrycyshyn & Saeideh Mayanloo Biol 130L, Section 017 Wednesday, 9:30am-12:20pm, 151 November 09, 2011 A living system controls its activity through enzymes. Enzymes are made from hundreds or even thousands of amino acids connected in a very unique and specific order. Almost all enzymes are proteins, except for ribozymes. The chain of amino acids then folds into a unique shape. That shape not only allows the enzyme to carry out specific chemical reactions but to act as a very efficient catalyst. The enzyme speeds that reaction up tremendously. Each enzyme reacts with one specific reactant called a substrate that will form its products. The purpose of the experiments is to determine the effects of substrate concentration, reaction time and enzyme concentration on the direction of an enzyme reaction. Amylase is a digestive enzyme found in both the saliva and the small intestine. Salivary amylase is a hydrolytic reaction that breaks down starch molecules by systematically breaking off the maltose molecules from the ends of starch chains. The maltose is further broken down by another enzyme. Phosphorylase is an enzyme that systematically removes glucose molecules by consumes phosphoric acid to break the beta-1-4-glucosidic bonds in starch. The interaction of phosphate with the glucosidic bond results in the formation of glucose-1-phosphate and the loss of a chain unit in starch. In the reverse reaction the glucose part of glucose-1-phosphate is added as a new chain unit and phosphate is set free. This reversible enzymatic polymerization occurs with little change in free energy and therefor the reaction may choose to go either way. Iodine Test is a test for the presence of starch in which the sample turns blue-black in color when a few drops of potassium iodide solution are placed on the sample. A negative iodine test is when the reaction remains yellow in colour. It is the reaction between iodine and the coiled polymer of glucose known as amylase in starch that causes the colour change. The reaction occurs when straight amylase chains form helices in which the iodine can pass inside. Glycogen also receives a colour change because it is a glucose polymer as well but its structure differentiates from starch which therefore forms a brown colour change. The iodine test does not work for mono or disaccharides because they are too small to capture the iodine. The Benedict’s test is used to detect the presence of reducing sugars. Reducing sugars are sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group. The free reactive carbonyl group allows all monosaccharides to be reducing sugars. The same goes for disaccharides as some also contain the free reactive carbonyl group. The colour of precipitate formed when the Benedict’s test acquires a positive result depends on the concentration of reducing sugars present. A green colour change indicates that few reducing sugars are present. Orange indicates a higher concentration, red an even higher concentration and brown is the highest concentration colour change. A negative test for reducing sugar occurs when the Benedict’s solution remains its blue colour. Materials and Method Materials and Method found in 1119 BIOL 130, Department of Biology 2011 Cell Biology Laboratory Manual. University of Waterloo, Waterloo. Fall 2011. p. 37-42. The procedure of the lab did not differ from that in the lab manual. Results Salivary Amylase Iodine test: Table 1 Test Tube Number| Results Through Experimentation| Control | 1 (10% salivary amylase solution) | Yellow | Negative | 2 (5% salivary amylase solution)| Yellow| Negative | 3 (2% salivary amylase solution)| Yelllow| Negative | 4 (1% salivary amylase soluti on)| Yellow| Negative| 5 (1% starch suspension)| Blue-Black| Positive| Table1: The table above represent the first iodine test done. Shows components of each test tube as well as the results and positive or negative control. Dilutions were done using tap water (may contain other molecules). Corresponds to steps 5 through 10. Benedict’s test: Table 2 Test Tube Number| Results Through Experimentation| Control| 1 (10% salivary amylase solution) | Brown-orange precipitate| Positive| 2 (5% salivary amylase solution)| Green precipitate | Positive| 3 (2% salivary amylase solution)| Blue | Negative| 4 (1% salivary amylase solution)| Blue| Negative| 5 (1% starch suspension)| Blue| Negative| Table 2: The table above represent the first Benedict’s test done. Shows components of each test tube as well as the results and positive or negative control. Each of the above test tubes contains 4ml Benedict’s solution and were boiled for 5 minutes when determining results and are related to steps 5 through 10. Iodine test: Table 3 Test Tubes| Number of Drops Till Negative| Time Interval| Time| 9+14 (1% salivary amylase solution)| 13 | 60 seconds| 13*60= 780 seconds| 8+13 (2% salivary amylase solution)| 12| 30 seconds| 12*30= 360 seconds| 7+12 (5% salivary amylase solution)| 10| 15 seconds| 10*15= 150 seconds| 6+11 (10% salivary amylase solution)| 18| 5 seconds| 18*5= 90 seconds | 10+15 (water)| (Always positive)| N/A| N/A| Table 3: The table above represents the time it took to reach endpoint. Shows components of each test tube, number of drops, time interval between drops and time to reach endpoint. Each of the above test tubes contains 2ml – 1% starch suspension and 2ml McIlvaine’s buffer. The above test tubes were placed in a warm bath at 37 degrees Celsius and pertain to steps 11-18. Benedict’s test: Table 4 Test tube| Results through experimentation| Control| 20 (water)| blue| negative| 9 (1% salivary amylase solution)| 1/3 brown -2/3 blue| Positive| 18 (2% salivary amylase solution)| 1/3 brown -2/3 blue| Positive| 17 (5% salivary amylase solution)| 1/3 brown -2/3 blue| Positive| 16(10% salivary amylase solution)| 1/3 brown -2/3 blue| Positive| Table 4: The table above represents the search for reducing sugars after endpoint. Each of the above test tubes contains 4ml Benedict’s solution and were boiled for 5 minutes when determining results and are related to steps 18-2 0. Phosphorylase Composition of test tubes: Table 5 TEST TUBE NUMBER | CONTAINS| One| 1. 5ml of 0. 01M glucose + 1 drop of 0. % starch suspension| Two| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension| Three| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate| Four| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension| Five| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate + 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension| Six| 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate + 1. 5ml of 0. 2% starch suspension| Seven| 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate+ 1. 5ml of 0. 2% starch suspension| Eight| 4ml Boiled phosphorylase | Table 5: The above table represent the solutions present in the test tubes 1-8 from steps 2-10 Iodine test: Table 6 Test tube| Results through experimentation| Control| 1| Yellow | Negative | 2| Yellow| Negative| 3| Yellow| Negative| 4| Yellow| Negative| 5| Yellow| Negative| 6| Blue-black| Positive| 7| Blue-black| Positive | Table 6: Search for starch within test tubes 1-7. Shows components of each test tube as well as the results and positive or negative control. Composition of test tubes : Table 7 TEST TUBE NUMBER | CONTAINS| One| 1. 5ml of 0. 01M glucose + 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension + 2ml phosphorylase| Two| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension+ 2ml phosphorylase| Three| 1. of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate+ 2ml phosphorylase| Four| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension + 2ml boiled phosphorylase| Five| 1. 5 of 0. 01M glucose-1-phosphate + 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate+ 1 drop of 0. 2% starch suspension+ 2ml phosphorylase| Six| 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate + 1. 5ml of 0. 2% starch suspension+ 2ml phosphorylase| Sev en| 0. 5ml of 0. 2M potassium phosphate+ 1. 5ml of 0. 2% starch suspension + 2ml boiled phosphorylase| Table 7: The above table represent the solutions present in the test tubes 1-7 from steps 11-12 Iodine Test: Table 8 Time Interval| test tube 1| Test tube 2| Test tube 3| Test tube 4| Test tube 5| Test tube 6| Test tube 7| 10:28-10:32| yellow| Very faint blue-black| yellow| yellow| yellow| Faint blue-black| Blue black| 10:32-10:36| yellow| Blue black| yellow| yellow| yellow| Very faint blue-black| Blue black| 10:36-10:39| yellow| Blue black| yellow| yellow| yellow| Faint blue black| Blue black| 10:39-10:42| yellow| Blue black| yellow| yellow| yellow| Faint blue black| Blue black| 10:42-10:46| yellow| Blue black| yellow| yellow| yellow| Blue black| Blue black| 10:46-10:49| yellow| Blue black| Very faint blue black| yellow| yellow| Blue black| Blue black| 10:49-10:52| Yellow| Blue black| Faint blue black| Yellow| yellow| Blue black| Blue black| 10:52-10:55| Yellow| Blue black| Blue black| Yellow| Yellow| Blue black| Blue black| 10:55-10:58| Yellow| Blue black| Blue black| Yellow| Yellow| Blue black| Blue black| 10:58-10:42| yellow| Blue black| Blue black| yellow| Yellow| Blue black| Blue black| Table 8: Test for the presence and synthesis of starch. Contains the time interval from when the previous test had ended to termination of current test and the reaction result of test tubes 1-7. Figure1: above; represent the time it took each salivary amylase concentration to reach endpoint (when test for starch became negative. Discussion: Salivary Amylase The Iodine test’s control is the presence of starch. If starch is presence then the control is positive resulting in a blue-black colour change. The first iodine test or if you refer to table 1, gave a positive result for only test tube 5 which contained 1% starch suspension. Clearly starch is present based on just the component of the solution. A negative control in an iodine test will result in maintenance of the yellow colour of iodine. According to table one the test tubes containing 10% salivary amylase solution, 5% salivary amylase solution, 2% salivary amylase solution and 1% salivary amylase solution resulted in a negative control result. This is due to the fact that all that is present is the enzyme salivary amylase and water and therefore no starch. The Benedict’s test control is the presence of reducing sugars (sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group). If a reducing sugar is present then a positive control reaction will occur. A positive control reaction is when a colour of the blue Benedict’s solution turns green, orange, red or brown after boiling. Each colour represents the concentration of reducing sugars present, green being the lowest and brown the highest. Referring back to table 2, test tubes 1 and 2 resulted in a positive control reaction. Even though test tubes 1 and 2 contained only salivary amylase the tap water used to dilute the amylase solution may contain some starch which would in turn become maltose a reducing sugar. The 10% salivary amylase (test tube 1) resulted in an orange colour change due to the fact that a higher enzyme concentration would more likely produce enough reducing sugars to result in an orange colour change. The 5 % salivary amylase (test tube 2) resulted in a green colour change which describes a low concentration of reducing sugars. This makes sense as a lower enzyme concentration would result in less reducing sugar being made through the enzymatic reaction between starch and amylase. A negative control reaction for the Benedict’s test occurs when the Benedict’s blue solution remains the same. Referring back to table 2 test tubes 3, 4 and 5 resulted in a negative control reaction. This may be due to the fact that the enzyme concentration were too low to produce enough reducing sugars from the starch found in the tap water to warrant a colour change. The starch (substrate) would for a substrate-enzyme complex with salivary amylase to produce maltose and salivary amylase. In conclusion enzyme concentration does play a factor in the speed of an enzymatic reaction. The results of Table 3, the second iodine test performed, is used to determine when the starch added with the different concentrations of salivary amylase has reached its endpoint and has been fully hydrolysed into maltose. The endpoint has been reached once the iodine test gives a negative control result which occurs once no starch or very few is present. According to the experimental data presented in table 3 enzyme concentrations again played a role in the speed of the reaction. 10% salivary amylase took 90 seconds where as 1% salivary amylase took 780 seconds. The starch (substrate) would for a substrate-enzyme complex with salivary amylase to produce maltose and salivary amylase. Test tube 10 + 15 will result in a positive control reaction all the time because it is comprised of water and starch. With no salivary amylase enzymes starch will always be present which is the positive control in an iodine test. A trend was found that as the salivary concentrations were halved the time to reach endpoint was doubled, leading me to believe an inverse proportionality to be present between enzyme concentration and time to reach end point. Table 4 was another Benedict’s test performed after the each combination of test tube had reached its endpoint. The positive result in a Benedict’s test occurs once a green, orange, red or brown colour change occurs because of the presence of reducing sugars. Test tubes 16-19, containing the different concentrations of salivary amylase, resulted in a positive control reaction because the starch (substrate) would for a substrate-enzyme complex with salivary amylase to produce maltose and salivary amylase and due to the fact that maltose is a reducing sugar which happens to be the control for a Benedict’s test, a positive control reaction will occur. The negative control reaction for a Benedict’s test is when the Benedict’s solution remains blue signifying the absence of reducing sugars. According to table 4, test tube 20 only contained water and the starch suspension with no amylase present a substrate-enzyme complex will not form which will not result in a reducing sugar. Phosphorylase Table 6 is another iodine test. The positive control reaction for an iodine test is when the solution turns blue-black. The experimental data given in table 6 shows that test tubes 6 and 7 gave a positive reaction for starch because of the 1. 5 ml of 0. 2% starch found in solution. The negative control reaction is when the solution remains the colour of iodine, yellow. Test tube 1 through 5 gave negative result because they either do not contain any starch in solution or the amount of starch present is too little (starch primer) and must be in presence of phosphorylase to synthesis a larger starch chain that can be reacted with the iodine test to provide a positive result. Table 8 is once again another iodine test. With the addition of phosphorylase some of the test tubes that gave a negative result in the previous iodine test (table 6) may now give a positive result because of the ability of the reaction between phosphoric acid and glucose to from glucose-1-phosphate and one less glucose unit in starch chain to go in either direction. Therefore a test tube with a starch primer may use the phosphorylase to synthesis into a starch chain. The same is for the solution that gave a positive reaction may turn negative in the presence of phosphorylase to form a starch primer and glucose-1-phosphate. Referring to table 8 the test tubes that resulted in a positive control reaction were 2,3,6 and 7. Because test tubes 6 and 7 were already gave positive results in previous iodine test (table 6) and did the same in this iodine test can only mean that a synthesis of a larger starch chain had occurred or the starch chain had not removed enough glucose bonds to result in a negative iodine control result. In test tube 7 the phosphorylase was boiled which would denature the enzyme so that it could not perform its task and therefore phosphorolysis could not take place and therefore test tube 7 would have to remain a positive control result. Test tubes 2 and 3 were primarily negative in previous iodine test but resulted in a positive control result when the enzyme phosphorylase was added. Table shows that over time both solutions grew more intense in colour signifying the synthesis of a longer starch chain. Test tube 2 had the starch primer and glucose-1-phosphate to start with and therefore took less time to give a positive control result. Test tube 3 did not contain the starch primer and I believe should not have given a positive control result. Test tube 3 did however contain the glucose-1-phosphate and perhaps may have started its own starch chain. This may have been done by having a glucose-1-phosphate and the glucose form a substrate-enzyme complex to give phosphoric acid and a larger glucose chain. The negative results were test tubes 1, 4 and 5 each contained the starch primer. Test tube 1 contained glucose but phosphorylase does not react with single glucose molecule and therefore test tube 1 will always give a negative control result. Test tube 4 used boiled phosphorylase and therefore the denatured enzyme would not be able to perform function which would result in an always negative control result. Test tube 5 had the right condition but perhaps never moved in one direction of the enzymatic reaction for too long resulting in a starch primer being present the whole time though it may have had potential to yield a positive control reaction. This shows that temperature do affect an enzyme. A buffer was also used in the reaction to allow for the proper pH levels to be obtained and therefore pH levels also affect enzymes. Overall throughout the experiment it was determined that substrate concentrations, reaction time and enzyme concentration effect the direction of an enzyme reaction. Reference Pelter, W. M. , McQuade, J. (2005). Brewing Science in the Chemistry Laboratory: A â€Å"Mashing† Investigation of Starch and Carbohydrates. Journal of Chemical Education, 82(12), 1811-1812. Ophardt, E. C. , (2003). Role of Enzymes in Biochemical Reactions. Virtual Chembook, Retrieved November 06, 2011, from Elmhurst College, http://www. elmhurst. edu/~chm/vchembook/570enzymes. html. Hall, I. (2008). Benedict's Test for Reducing Sugars. Retrieved November 06, 2011, from Ohio University, http://www. biosci. ohiou. edu/introbioslab/Bios170/170_2/benedict. htm

Were in the Pink

Were in the Pink Were in the Pink Were in the Pink By Maeve Maddox Look up the word pink in the Merriam-Webster Online Unabridged Dictionary, and youll find 13 entries for the single word, and 175 two-word entries in which one of the words is pink. An impressive legacy for a word that entered the language in 1573 as the name of a plant and not a color. The plant known as a pink has the Latin name dianthus. About 300 species of dianthus exist. The carnation belongs to this family. No one is quite certain as to how dianthus plants came to be called pinks. Its thought that the name derives from the jagged edges of the flower that look as if theyve been pinked. As a verb, pink has been in English since 1307 with the sense of pierce, stab, make holes in. Its from this verb that pinking shears get their name. pinking shears scissors with a saw-toothed inner edge. Theyre used to cut fabric in order to create a zig zag edge that wont ravel. Although dianthus flowers can be other shades, pink must have been the most familiar to have given us the word we now use to mean pale red. Pink-colored, i.e. colored like a pink, is recorded in 1681. Pink as an adjective of color, meaning pale rose color, is recorded in 1733. NOTE: The practice of adding colored to words that already signifiy a specific color is a solecism that seems to be gaining ground. For example, it makes perfect sense to speak of a Pepto-Bismol-colored house. It is absurd to speak of red-colored area on a map. The area is red. It is a red area. The word pinkie, as in pinkie finger, derives neither from the word for the color, nor from the word meaning to pierce. Apparently it comes from the Dutch diminutive pinkje. Dutch pink means little. Pinkie entered Scots dialect in the early 1800s with the meaning little finger. Scots speakers use pink to mean a small gleam of light, as in the expression the pink of the evening, i.e.,late afternoon, early evening. Another use of pink without the color sense is the term fox hunters use for the red coats some of them wear. These hunting coats, although bright red, are called pinks. One explanation is that the first ones were created by a tailor called Pinque. No evidence exists to support this example of folk etymology. A more believable reason to call the red coats pinks has to do with the expression to be in the pink. Nowadays, to be in the pink, usually means to be in top physical condition, but in Shakespeares time, pink meant something like epitome or pinnacle of perfection. The dianthus was much admired by Queen Elizabeth I and her courtiers. They may have considered it to be the perfect flower, beautiful to look at and delightful to smell. When Mercutio (Romeo and Juliet, 1597), says I am the very pinke of curtesie, he means that he is is not just courteous, but a model of courtesy. Thackeray (1811-1863), uses the expresssion in the very pink of the mode to mean at the very height of fashion. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) called an Italian town hed visited the very pink of hideousness and squalid misery. The appearance of a rider in the signature red hunting coat is very dashing, almost as dazzling as a U.S. Marine in full dress uniform. Its quite possible that such a rider in his scarlet coat was said to be in the pink of fashion and the expression dwindled to the noun pink for such a coat. Here are some other expressions that have evolved from the word pink with its meaning of pale red. pink-eye the common name for an inflammation of the membrane of the inner eyelid. Its extremely contagious. Some animals also suffer from it. The term was first recorded in 1882. pinko a term of political contempt and mistrust applied to persons who hold liberal views regarding government and economics. Red is a color associated with revolution. Presumably pinkos are not quite as extreme as communists, who are often called reds. The term pinko entered the language in 1936, but the the word pink was used as early as 1837 to describe people whose views have a tendency toward red. to see pink elephants to experience delirium tremens (or hallucinate) because of over-consumption of alcohol. Jack London used this expression in a story in 1913. pink slip discharge notice. When the word was coined, employers often informed employees that theyd been terminated by placing a notice written on a pink sheet of paper in their final pay envelope. First recorded use 1915. pink collar blue collar job has long been understood to mean a job requiring work clothes as opposed to a white-collar job performed by office workers. In 1977 someone introduced the expression pink collar to refer to jobs held by women. Understandably and deservedly, it didnt catch on. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:How to Play HQ Words: Cheats, Tips and Tricks1,462 Basic Plot Types

Business Ethics When the Work

Business Ethics When the Work Work-life balance is a flexible working program that has become common in several organizations in the US. Some firms have introduced flexible working hours for their employees, who need to balance between family and work responsibilities. Work-life balance is a trend that has picked up in various places of work in the US. This work-life balance has an impact on relationships that employees have with each other. Workers who have children have found flexible working hours more rewarding for their careers and family lives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics: When the Work-Life Scales Are Unequal. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The workplace environment is experiencing a lot of changes. Employers have realized the importance of offering their employees flexible work schedules, which help them balance between work and family life. However, the work-life balance approach is not getting support from all work ers as expected. Workers with no children and families to care for, feel that their colleagues who have families use this as a pretext to avoid performing their duties. They feel that they shoulder the burden of their absentee colleagues because they have to perform extra duties. It is difficult for working class parents, especially mothers, to balance their commitment to work and family effectively. However, some workers are very supportive of their colleagues who are forced by family circumstances to stick to flexible working hours. These workers understand the importance of their colleagues being involved in the lives of their children. A flexible work schedule makes such workers more effective. This is because of the satisfaction they get from performing their work duties and spending time with their children. Employees who are away from their work stations can be telephoned or emailed if an urgent issue that needs their input comes up at work. This has created a lot of harmony between workers, in firms which have work-life balance schedules. Many firms are finding it difficult to implement flexible work systems. Some employees do not have children but still need time to attend to their family members, who need their attention. Employees who care for their elderly parents or grandparents feel that their colleagues who have children are favored more by the work-life balance schedules than them. They claim that they also deserve to be given flexible work schedules, which allow them to care for their elderly relatives more. Human resource specialists argue that, for a flexible work program to succeed, all employees with alternative interests away from work need to be considered.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees in firms who offer flexible work schedules should focus on how their duties are going to be done during the period they are away. This will lessen the burden that is shouldered by their colleagues when they are away from work. Firms need to monitor the time each worker spends at the workplace, to determine every individual’s productivity level. A work-life balance program can only be effective if all employees communicate with each other easily, regardless of their locations. Workers also need to notify their colleagues if they are planning to leave their workstations early. Flexible working programs need to be fair to all workers to reduce resentment between them. Organizations need to meet crucial deadlines and performance targets. Implementation of a work-life balance program should ensure that productivity levels in the organization remain consistent. This case confirms that many firms face difficulties when implementing flexible work programs for their employees. All employees need to be given equal consideration when a flexible work program is being implemented.

A Study On Child Abuse English Language Essay

A Study On Child Abuse English Language Essay The issue of child abuse is an increasing concern worldwide. Whether the country is developed or poor, child abuse still exists in every region in some form. The common forms of child abuse include physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The definition of child abuse, according to Professor Vincent Iannelli, is â€Å"harm to, or neglect of, a child by another person, whether adult or child† (Iannelli 1). Even though this common definition is applicable in most cases of child abuse all over the world, there are some forms of child abuse that exist in a specific region which are different from those found in another area. Sexual and physical child abuse both exist in countries like Pakistan and America, however the type of emotional abuse seen in Pakistan is very different from the type seen in America. While factors such as tumultuous economic and political conditions, child labor, and kidnapping scar Pakistani children emotionally, beatings, rape, molestation, and neglect due to recurrent stress are the common forms of abuse in America. Child abuse in Pakistan over the years has grown because it reflects upon the weak economic and political state of the country. Poverty and austere living conditions are some of the factors that account for this existence of child abuse. The fact that poverty encompasses nearly 60 percent of the nation leads to events which result in abuses. Most of Pakistan’s population lives in squalid slums where the children are forced to help in the survival of their families (Galpin, 1). However, dire measures are taken for this survival. Typically one sees children on the streets begging with arms mutilated and scars across their face. The common theory goes that these children have had a harsh life; rather its just that these children have been purposely abused to gain them pity so that they can be given money. This desperate need for survival also leads to child labor. The problem with this is that this means a child will have to work in various environments, which are usually dilapidated. Thus the child is exposed to numerous threats and he/ she becomes a victim of abuse. In America, however, this type of abusive mentality does not commonly exist. The abuse existing in America is mostly due to stressful lives or frustration. â€Å"Almost half of Americans say that they are increasingly stressed about their ability to provide for their family’s basic needs† (â€Å"APA† 2). Unlike Pakistan, the solution to this type of financial stress, however, is not child labor. Child abuse is a major concern these days and a lot is being done in America to prevent this. In Pakistan, however, a poor political administration causes child abuse to be more likely. Statistically, there are more reported cases of child abuse in the Unites states than Pakistan. In the year 2007, 3.2 million child abuse cases were reported in America (â€Å"Childhelp† 1). In Pakistan, there were nearly 1,600 r eported cases of child abuse in the year 2007 (Khan, 1). However, the difference in the size and population of the United States and Pakistan, along with the fact that nearly 80% of child abuse cases in Pakistan are unreported, shows that a statistical comparison of the two countries cannot be accurate (Khan, 1). Pakistan’s statistics show that there is a lack of consideration being given to child abuse by the political administration in Pakistan. Laws against child abuse, in fact, exist, but there is not a strong, central government to enforce these laws. Thus, the perpetrators of these crimes are encouraged. In comparison, there are strict laws in America that are enforced strongly to prevent child abuse.

Rogerian Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Rogerian - Essay Example Economies were destroyed; lives lost, families separated, people became disabled and other devastating effects were experienced. During the wars, there are countries that restrained themselves from getting involved. For example, the U.S.A in the Second World War did not for a long time get involved. It was only when the Pearl Harbor was bombed that they joined in the war. Today wars between states have not ceased, but the countries that know well the outcome, look for other options because there are other options. Like in the example of the U.S.A cited above, the fact that it eventually joined the war shows that there are times that war is the only option sometimes to solve international disputes. Mohammed S. Halal in his paper discussed this aspect of justifiable war. In this case, he stated that it is only necessary when it is about the protection of human security and not state security. For example, the wars against Somalia, Libya, Liberia and Iraq were humanitarian in nature (Helal, 558). He further states that these wars preserved the lives of the citizens in these countries. This is a valid point; however, with the political nature of war, telling between a humanitarian crisis and a case of state protection would not be easy. Countries are political, and war is just a selfish expression. A state security protection case will easily pass for a humanitarian crisis. Robert and John assess the ‘bush doctrine’ on whether preventive war is justified. The reason this is called the bush doctrine is because, Bush in 2002, stated that the United States cannot just sit and watch as other countries prepare weapons of mass destruction. That would affect the U.S, and its allies (Christopher, 194). The authors argue that for the same reasons that humanitarian reasons are used to justify war, preventive war can also be justified (Delahaunty & John, 828). Preventive war is interpreted as an

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Essay

Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question - Essay Example 3. Provide an example of the hypothesis for the study. 4. Write a 750-word paper including the research question and design, and explain why the research design is appropriate for the research question. 5. Identify the research design as correlational, quasi-experimental, or experimental, and defend your choice using a critical approach including cited references. 6. Provide an example of how you could change the research question to use a different research design. Topic: Exploring Research Designs and The Relationship to the Research Question Exploring relationship between research design and the research question By The present study aims to explore the linkage between the research design and the research question. While â€Å"research is the discovery of answers to questions through the application of scientific and systematic procedures†; the research question asks what the tentative relationship among variables might be, or it asks about the state of nature of some pheno menon (Keyton, 2006). On the other hand, a research design can be viewed as somewhat like a master plan. It stipulates the methods and procedures that are to be adopted for collecting and analysing the necessary information for the research (Zikmund & Babin, 2007). A different perspective of research design was presented by Zikumnd & Babin (2007) – that the research design is somewhat like a master plan, which specifies the methods and procedures to be adopted for collecting and analysing the required information. The research problem Considering these definitions, the present work proceeds to develop a research question for a quantitative study on the relationship between one dependent variable ‘wage’ and three independent variables - (1) educational attainment, (2) skill (professional qualification) and (3) ability (experience). A variable is an element that is specifically identified in the research hypotheses or questions, necessitating to be expressed as mor e than one value or in various categories (Keyton, 2006). It is common wisdom that education benefits the individual, the nation and the society as well in many ways. While, the individual is benefitted in the form of increase wages and consequently a better lifestyle; the nation is benefitted in terms of increased taxes. The society too is benefitted as researchers have observed that college graduates have shown to have lower smoking rates, more positive perception towards personal health, and healthier lifestyles than the less educated (Baum & Ma, 2007). Overall the society is benefitted in the form of more responsible citizens, which is believed to be due to educational achievement. Whereas, these benefits generally delineate the qualitative characteristics of the issue, there is a need to know how educational attainment, professional qualification and experience influence the wages earned by an individual. The research question The study is significant and desirable and therefor e, it is worthwhile to undertake a research on the subject. Accordingly, the purpose of the study was to explore the correlation between

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

School bullying - Essay Example In the context of schools, it encompasses the uncalled for aggression directed towards the weaker students by the seemingly big and stronger students. In the recent past, there has been an increase in public reaction by the American concerning the question of bullying schools. This was occasioned by the fact that bullying traumatizing students to the extent where they would not wish to attend school any more. Therefore, it is prudent and imperative for the society as a whole to face and tackle the problem of bullying once and for all. There are different types of intimidation, harassment or bullying namely physical, emotional and verbal bullying. Physical bullying includes instances when the bully hit the other student, verbal bullying is when a person bad mouths another with the intention of hurting them (Einarsen et al, 9). Emotional bullying on its part is where the bully discriminates and marginalizes another person on the basis of any narrow societal definition such negative stereotypes, race amongst others. Conventionally, one would expect that students are the bullies against fellow students, however, the reality is a lot different. Parents and teachers are equally culpable of being bullies. At the long end, the younger person being bullied becomes hurt and would have a lower self-esteem since the people who are expected to offer solace turn out to be bullies themselves.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Marketing - Essay Example IMC is considered as a magical bullet that enhances greater efficiencies of a business because it is an effective technique of communicating business goals, vision and mission, brand messages and any important messages to its people, especially customers. This research paper addresses marketing theories and underlying principles regarding Integrated Marketing Communication and examines how these have been practiced by Fly Emirates Airlines. In detailing the IMC practices of Emirates Airlines, this piece of research attempts to find various advertising and promotional activities that Emirates Company adopted to examine how they are integrated. Integrated marketing Communication Integrated Marketing Communication is a marketing communication strategy that a company aligns its communication objectives with business goals in order to accelerate its returns (Schultz and Schultz 2004, p. 3). IMC is a strategic and management tool that can help a company achieve greater competitive advantag es and ensure long-term profitability. It is used to plan, design and establish well-organized and coordinated brand communication program with customers, shareholders, employees and other stakeholders to ensure effectiveness and consistency in messages to be delivered (Belch and Belch 2007, p. 11). As Pride and Ferrell (2007, p. 493) explained, Integrated marketing Communication is an effective coordination of promotion and other marketing efforts to ensure maximum informational and persuasive impact on customers. A marketer thus requires to develop and employ broad perspectives in coordinating this marketing efforts and mainly to ensure sending consistent messages to customers. Lamb, Hair and McDaniel 2008, p. 413) defined IMC as an effective coordination of all promotional messages, including traditional advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, event marketing and public relation for a particular company’s product or services, so as to ensure consistency in every me ssages that company delivers or meets its customers with. This definition highlights a number of significant features, they are, effective coordination among more than one communication tools, ensuring consistency in messages etc. Maintaining consistency in communicating brand messages is critical element to create and build brand loyalty. The IMC of Emirates Airlines Emirates Airlines is one of the world’s fastest growing Airline companies and recently ranked to be world’s second most profitable carrier, just behind Singapore Airlines. Even when international airline industry has been experiencing an accumulated losses of more than $6 billion, Emirates Airline was able to increase its returns by 48 % to $ 637 million. Emirates Airline is part of the state-owned Emirate Group which is a large and diversified travel umbrella group wholly owned by the Dubai State (Graham, Papatheodorou and Forsyth 2010, p. 157). Behind the success of Emirates Airlines was its advertising campaigns that not only gave it informative and persuasive advantages but also helped the company gain access to a large number of markets. Emirates Airline has attracted tourists, businessmen and investors to United Arab Emirates which in turn accelerated the economic development of the country as well. Emirates Airline has long been depending on various types of advertising modes and implementing different promotional techniques.

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty - Essay Example have different business objectives thus their practices about the external environment is greatly variable, all aimed at ensuring they stay in line with the demands of the targets and principles for which the store stands. For instance, Harrods demonstrates a higher level of aggressiveness with the incorporation of modern technological innovations, whereas Liberty is apparently more interested in conservation of its reputation and image, as opposed to multi-engagements in macro-economic influencing factors. On the other hand, Harrods appears to have its focus on a wider range of audience as evident through its marketing techniques, which are largely technology-based. This undoubtedly enables the store to pass a busy and energetic feel of communication about itself. On its part, Liberty tends to position its practices on specific and strictly premium high-end market, giving the store a more relaxed ambience. The external and internal analysis of the two stores based on their strategies of retailing suggests that the two organizations have not yet been able to fully exploit the business opportunities at their exposure. Of significant importance is the need for the two stores to adopt diversity in the products and services provided, and the manner in which this is done, in order to widen their customer base as well as helping them overcome some of the external and internal environmental barriers to business. Over the past decades, there has been a significant transformation in the retail industry, which has equally posed more challenging moments for the retailers. Despite this, the global landscape of retailing, which is on constant change, has experienced massive improvement, even in the time of high competition from within the UK markets and that on the global scene (Thirumalai and Sinha, 2009). Evidence suggests that the move by the retailers to harness the multi-channel practices and the growing advances in technology have been key in increasing the stability

School bullying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

School bullying - Essay Example In the context of schools, it encompasses the uncalled for aggression directed towards the weaker students by the seemingly big and stronger students. In the recent past, there has been an increase in public reaction by the American concerning the question of bullying schools. This was occasioned by the fact that bullying traumatizing students to the extent where they would not wish to attend school any more. Therefore, it is prudent and imperative for the society as a whole to face and tackle the problem of bullying once and for all. There are different types of intimidation, harassment or bullying namely physical, emotional and verbal bullying. Physical bullying includes instances when the bully hit the other student, verbal bullying is when a person bad mouths another with the intention of hurting them (Einarsen et al, 9). Emotional bullying on its part is where the bully discriminates and marginalizes another person on the basis of any narrow societal definition such negative stereotypes, race amongst others. Conventionally, one would expect that students are the bullies against fellow students, however, the reality is a lot different. Parents and teachers are equally culpable of being bullies. At the long end, the younger person being bullied becomes hurt and would have a lower self-esteem since the people who are expected to offer solace turn out to be bullies themselves.

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic Report of Harrods & Liberty - Essay Example have different business objectives thus their practices about the external environment is greatly variable, all aimed at ensuring they stay in line with the demands of the targets and principles for which the store stands. For instance, Harrods demonstrates a higher level of aggressiveness with the incorporation of modern technological innovations, whereas Liberty is apparently more interested in conservation of its reputation and image, as opposed to multi-engagements in macro-economic influencing factors. On the other hand, Harrods appears to have its focus on a wider range of audience as evident through its marketing techniques, which are largely technology-based. This undoubtedly enables the store to pass a busy and energetic feel of communication about itself. On its part, Liberty tends to position its practices on specific and strictly premium high-end market, giving the store a more relaxed ambience. The external and internal analysis of the two stores based on their strategies of retailing suggests that the two organizations have not yet been able to fully exploit the business opportunities at their exposure. Of significant importance is the need for the two stores to adopt diversity in the products and services provided, and the manner in which this is done, in order to widen their customer base as well as helping them overcome some of the external and internal environmental barriers to business. Over the past decades, there has been a significant transformation in the retail industry, which has equally posed more challenging moments for the retailers. Despite this, the global landscape of retailing, which is on constant change, has experienced massive improvement, even in the time of high competition from within the UK markets and that on the global scene (Thirumalai and Sinha, 2009). Evidence suggests that the move by the retailers to harness the multi-channel practices and the growing advances in technology have been key in increasing the stability

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Example for Free

Arthur Conan Doyle Essay Examine the ways in which the author, creates suspense and tension in The Speckled Band by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Body Snatcher by Robert Louis Stevenson Speckled Band The Speckled Band is about an evil stepfather named Dr Roylott who has the intention of murdering his stepdaughter Helen to gain her property, having already murdered her older sister Julia, in a mysterious way. When his younger stepdaughter gets suspicious, as the mysterious circumstances repeated themselves, she contacts Mr Holmes. Mr Holmes tries to help Miss Stoner find out who killed her older sister and what with. In the opening paragraph we are given unanswered questions, which makes the reader feel uncertain of the situation. We are told Holmes only investigates strange cases; this makes the reader wonder what they are going to be learning of. Sherlock Holmes awoke from his sleep earlier than usual, even though he is described as a late riser. This interests the reader because of the sense of urgency, which Homes shows. Miss Stoner is described as wearing a black dress and veil. This makes the reader curious as to why is she wearing black as black usually symbolises death or that a tragedy has happened. Watson and Holmes mention that she is shivering, a sudden twist occurs when the woman replies It is not the cold which makes me shiver it is fear it is terror. This reply creates tension and apprehension, we are presented with many unanswered questions, Why is she scared being the main one. This creates suspense and tension because the unanswered questions give us vague details about the whole situation. Miss Stoner had prematurely grey hair this detail was mentioned because sometimes people who have a lot of stress get grey hair prematurely, so the author is trying to emphasise that she is extremely worried about the situation. Also she is described as a hunted animal, this emphasises her vulnerability and causes the reader to be uncomfortable. We only know that she is troubled and fatigued but what caused it is unknown to the reader even though we are told all of these descriptions of Miss Stoner. We are told about Dr Roylott and of how he murdered his native butler. This increases the awareness of the reader about Dr Roylotts aggressive and violent behaviour. He keeps exotic Indian animals such as the baboon and cheetah, which makes Dr Roylott baffling since he doesnt act in a normal way so the reader cannot fully understand his character. Dr Roylott followed Miss Stoner to Mr Holmes house. This makes Dr Roylott seem a desperate person seeing as he is willing to spy on his stepdaughter and it therefore seems that he has something to hide. Dr Roylott is described as a man with immense strength and with a very short-tempered anger. This is reinforced when Dr Roylott bent the poker and warned Mr Holmes that he is a very dangerous man. This striking first appearance of Dr Roylott makes the reader understand why he is such a dangerous man. Dr Roylott has the ability to intimidate most people but not Sherlock Holmes. Holmes is now seen as the knight in shining armour who is going to save Helen. Dr Roylott lets gypsies to stay on his land he becomes friends with them. This makes him seem more mysterious because people in that time of age wouldnt usually allow gypsies to stay on their grounds and then associate themselves with them, this is a very abnormal type of behaviour. Miss Stoner told Sherlock Holmes that Julia said before she passed away that it was the speckled band and then pointed towards Dr Roylotts room. This leads the reader to think that the death had something to do with the gypsies, the reason being that gypsies were usually stereotyped as wearing bandanas. The reader assumes that the gypsies may have killed Julia. We learn about Helens problems when she explains them to Holmes, we are now answered some of the questions the reader had before. We are told that Helens sister was murdered which raises tension in the conversation. The fact that Julia died just before the day of her wedding raises the awareness of the reader. Since Dr Roylott wanted to keep the money, hed have to get rid of Julia before she was married, this raises suspicion about him. The reader asks why did he go to bed early? We have more unanswered a question such as How did she die? that bewilders the reader. Helen tells us in great detail about the night Julia died next-door to Dr Roylotts room. Julia earlier that night heard a peculiar low whistle and a loud sound of metal being struck. These strange noises give a sense of unease to the reader. The two sisters would lock themselves in their room, which tells us they dont feel safe on their own, we had no feeling of security unless our doors were locked. Julia is alone and isolated from her sister and the strange sound creates tremendous stress within the reader because the reader is scared for her. A cheetah and a baboon are loose in the garden. Helen is engaged; when Julia was just about to get married she was killed. The reader already knows that if they got married Dr Roylott would lose a lot of money. These two factors are put together and now the reader fears for Helens life. Mr Holmes inspects the room that Julia died in. He notices that the house is being repaired even though it doesnt seem to need repair. Helen told Holmes I believe that it was an excuse to move me from my room, now that she is in the room in which her sister died in, she is now very vulnerable. The fact that the house has scaffolding gives the reader the impression that a person may have entered the house from the outside, this misleads the reader slightly from what really happened. The room door had been locked and shutters with iron bars blocked the windows. The room had very unusual features such as dummy bell ropes and ventilators that did not ventilate. The ventilator goes into Dr Roylotts room, we are now wary of Dr Roylott that he used these features to kill Julia. In Dr Roylotts room was a saucer of milk, which is quite strange since if it were for a cheetah it would have drank it in one lick. Also a lash that was tied in a loop of whipcord was found in Dr Roylotts room, this produces an image that he may have strangled Julia because it was designed to get tighter when pulled and could have been placed through the ventilator to strangle her. The whole situation holds the reader in suspense and there is a sense of unpredictability as to what is going to happen. Mr Holmes is capable of noticing small points and then reaching a conclusion, he demonstrated his ability as a detective at the beginning of the story when he knew how Miss Stoner got to his house by glancing at her ticket and coat. He notices these small points and puts them together, after that incident the reader is able to rely on Mr Holmes for answers. After he examined both of the rooms he advised Helen to listen to what he said because her life may depend upon it. Holmes had certainly spotted something very significant but he does not tell us which adds to the anxious and tense atmosphere. Mr Holmes and Watson discuss the situation, Mr Holmes clearly informs Watson that the bed being clamped to the floor, the ventilator and dummy bell rope played a link of the death of Helen. The scene is dark that gives a chilling scene. Mr Holmes and Watson encounter a distorted child whilst walking on the grounds it was described as having writhing limbs. This is a grim picture that adds to the dark and chilling atmosphere. The child is described as running swiftly across the lawn into darkness, which makes everything seem mysterious and strange. We later find out it was the baboon. When Holmes is in Helens room they agree to sit without light, since there is no light unexpected things happen such as the noises they hear. The reader is now fearful for Holmes and Watson because they cant clearly see whats happening. Holmes tells Watson to have the pistol ready which gives the impression that they are waiting for something terrible to happen which creates a huge amount of anxiety and apprehension. Holmes for the first time in the story is nervous; this makes the reader think that a big event is about to take place. The cheetah is at liberty that increases the sense of insecurity. We as readers are unsure of what is going to happen and so is Watson, they waited silently for whatever might befall. They sit in the room waiting for what is going to happen for hours. Holmes sprang from the bed and lashed furiously with his cane at the bell pull; the reader and also Holmes are very anxious and edgy. Mr Holmes shouted to ask Watson if he could see it? but he couldnt, this creates tension and the fact that Watson cant see it he is at a higher risk of being harmed so therefore the reader worries for Watson. Then the low whistle occurred followed by a horrible cry which swelled up louder and louder, Watson and the reader are disorientated about what could of that scream have meant. The doctor was being choked but we dont understand what is going on. Watson and Holmes feel insecure, take your pistol and we will enter Dr Roylotts room. Holmes and Watson find a swamp adder wrapped around Dr Roylotts neck. The reader now understands that the speckled band was the patterns on the snake, the suspense and the tense feeling gradually fades away from the reader. At the end of the story an unpredictable twist happens, that of the speckled band. The author used a very successful red herring; the reader now knows the red herring was the gypsies, because the reader when told of the speckled band in the beginning assumes that it was the gypsies. As the story progresses there are more and more possibilities of the cause of Julias death, the gypsies being one of many. Holmes solved that the saucer of milk was there to lure the snake, the reader couldnt link these clues together and therefore tension is built up very well. The baboon and cheetah acted as a slight red herring since they made them feel insecure and increased the tension in situations even though they were not involved. The author is successful in keeping suspense and tension all through out the story keeping the reader intrigued and interested.

Survey On Different Energy Harvesting Methods

Survey On Different Energy Harvesting Methods Mubashir Hussain, Sami-Ur-Rehman Khan Telecommunication Engineering Dept FEST, Iqra University Main Campus Karachi, Pakistan Abstract This paper serves as a survey on energy harvesting from different sources and their methods presented after a brief literature review of different technical papers available in the public domain. The Process of extracting energy from our surroundings is known as energy harvesting. The energy harvesting got its origins from the water wheels and windmills. Energy can be scavenged from sources around us like, light, water, wind, heat, radio waves, mechanical vibrations etc. In the present age we need more reliable, low cost and efficient power sources for our systems. The new systems require less energy and give out great output similarly the sources are supposed to be more efficient and effective, in this paper we have presented that how the energy which is presently wasted around us due to radiations, friction or reflection can be scavenged to make them useful of our everyday use. Keywords: Energy Harvesting Networks, Different Energy Harvesting Sources, Methods for Energy Harvesting Introduction Conventional batteries are not always beneficial as they require human involvement for replacing batteries. Hence, require electrical power to make these devices functional. Therefore, consideration of alternate type of energy source to traditional batteries is required. The electrical power is required to operate these devices can be obtained by converting the light, mechanical or thermal energies available in the ambient environment. This conversion of energy available in ambient environment can produce unlimited energy for the lifetime of the electronic device. This process of extracting energy from the ambient environment and converting them into consumable electric energy is known as Energy Harvesting. Typical energies available in ambient environment are mechanical energy, solar energy, RF energy and thermal energy. Since, it is proven to be an efficient alternative to give lifelong electrical power to electronic devices, there is an increasingly volume carried out on energy ha rvesting, these days [1-10, 22-28]. Energy harvesting sources can be utilized to maximize the ability and lifetime of the devices by augmenting the usage of battery [18-20]. Electrical devices switched on by energy harvesters can be utilized to give important information on structural and operational circumstances through positioning them in unapproachable whereabouts [21]. Different Sources Used for Energy Harvesting The categorization of energy harvesting can be done on the basis of the types of energy being used to harvest energy, available in ambient environment, into electrical energy. The different yet widely used sources for energy harvesting are photovoltaic cells, thermoelectric generators, wind turbines, and mechanical vibration devices such as electromagnetic devices and piezoelectric devices [11]. Table I highlights some of the energy harvesting sources with their power generation capability [12]. Table I: Energy Harvesting Sources [12] Mechanical Vibration When a device vibrates, an inertial mass can be utilized to generate movement. This vibrational movement can then be converted into electrical energy using 3 mechanisms including piezoelectric, electrostatic and electromagnetic. Energy used here is mechanical energy. Electrostatic Energy Harvesting This type of energy harvesting mainly depends on the varying capacitance of vibration-dependent varactors (variable capacitors). Vibration causes the separation between plates of an initially charged varactor, which causes mechanical energy to be converted in electrical energy. Electrostatic generators are simple mechanical devices that produce electricity by using manual or mechanical power [13]. Roundy, et al. [31] define the categorization of the electrostatic generators into three main classes namely: in-plane, in-plane gap closing and out-of-plane gap closing, and overlap. The different electrostatic generators under the three distinguished classes are debated in various papers. Piezoelectric Materials These are the materials that convert mechanical energy, produced by applying force, pressure or vibrations, into electrical energy. These materials are able to generate electrical charge when mechanical load is applied on them. This property of piezoelectric materials is considered by the researchers to develop various piezoelectric harvesters in order to power different applications [14, 15]. The very first example of extracting electrical energy from piezoelectric materials is from the collision of leaving steel ball bearing on piezoelectric transducer [29]. 3.3 Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Electromagnetic energy harvesting can be attained by principles of electromagnetic induction. Electromagnetic induction can be described as the method of generating voltages in an electric conductor by varying the magnetic field around it. One of the most effective ways of producing electromagnetic induction for energy harvesting is with the help of permanent magnets, a coil and a resonating cantilever beam [8]. Electromagnetic induction gives the benefit of better mechanical damping and reliability as there will not be any mechanical intercourse between any parts; therefore, no distinct voltage source is needed [30]. Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic cells are the devices that transform light energy into electrical energy. The form of energy harnessed is typically light energy usually received from sunlight. Usage of photovoltaic cells would be effective and efficient at places where the availability of light is guaranteed and usage of batteries and other means of power supply are not feasible or expensive. While designing sources which harvest solar energy, constituents such as accessibility of day light, periods of smoggy cloud and snow cover, effects of operation at higher latitudes, functionalities of the photovoltaic cell used, the strength of the incident light, power supply needs are to be considered [9, 16]. Thermoelectric Generators Thermoelectric generators work on the principle of thermoelectricity to generate the required electrical energy. The phenomena of generating electric current with a temperature difference and vice-versa can be named as thermoelectricity. The thermal energy here is harvested to get electrical energy to power-up electronic devices. These devices are mostly used in space and terrestrial applications. Solid-state thermoelectric generators are considered to have long life, low maintenance and high reliability. However, their usage is limited because of their low energy conversion efficiency and high costs [17]. Microwaves Energy Harvesting Recently, researchers have designed a device that is converting the lost microwaves, generated from Wi-Fi, into electrical energy. The lost microwaves are converted into electrical energy using metamaterials. Metamaterials Literature Review As we know that in today’s world, energy crisis is one of the biggest issues as the demand of energy is increasing day by day and the supply is not enough to facilitate everyone. In such shortfall of energy supply and high demand for consumption, energy harvesting is truly a magnificent approach to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Using energy harvesting networks, we can harvest the ambient energy available in surrounding such as light, heat, electromagnetic and mechanical energy and can convert them into useful energy. Though, the amount of energy being produced by energy harvesting network is low, however, it can still be used to power small and portable electronic devices including our cellular phones –one of the most important devices used for communicating, all around the world. As the researchers are doing extensive research in this field to discover new techniques to produce more and more energy from energy harvesting networks, it seems that, in coming w orld, energy harvesters would be fulfilling more than 50% of our energy requirements. The rapid demand of energy harvesting modules can be observed by the given graph over certain period of time. Key Findings Due to rapidly increasing demand of energy, it is observed that the traditional energy producing networks are not efficient enough to facilitate everyone and people are now looking for alternatives to overcome the shortfall of energy. When it comes to find alternatives of traditional energy-producing networks, energy harvesting networks are on top of the list. Energy harvesting networks are the most efficient yet low cost energy producing devices that harvest the energy available in environment and convert them into electrical energy to power up electrical devices. Previously, solar energy and mechanical energy were two of the main and only known sources that were being used to generate energy. However, after the continuous hard work and research in this field, researchers have introduced such energy harvesting networks that can harvest electromagnetic waves, as well as radio waves into electrical energy to produce energy. The recent Wi-Fi energy harvesting network developed by the s tudents of Duke University, England, can produce electrical energy up to 3.7 volts that is equivalent to the average electrical energy produced by USB –we use to charge our gadgets. Therefore, it can be said that energy harvesting networks are the only best alternatives to traditional energy producing networks to overcome the shortfall of the energy in today’s and upcoming world. Open Areas Recently, researchers have designed a device that is converting the lost microwaves, generated from Wi-Fi, into electrical energy. The lost microwaves are converted into electrical energy using metamaterials. Metamaterials are composite materials having a structure that exhibits such properties that cannot be found, usually, in natural materials, especially the property of having negative refractive index. Metamaterials are capable to capture different forms of wave’s energy and tune them into useful applications. There is no doubt at all that energy harvesting of electromagnetic and other radio waves is the future of energy harvesting networks as they are most commonly founded waves in our today’s tech-world environment –as our communication is mainly done via electromagnetic and radio waves and it would be keep going in future too. So, the Electromagnetic energy harvesting networks would be helping the people, in coming world, to power up their devices for free, anywhere, anytime, wirelessly. Conclusion Harvesting energy from the ambient environment is being considered as a valuable alternate to replace the existing power supplies for energy constraint embedded systems. Especially, the latest research done on energy harvesting of microwaves, radiated from Wi-Fi mainly, has enlightened a new hope among the researchers to identify such energy harvesting methods that can raise the amount of power generated using the power harvesters. These methods would be going to assist in placing the energy harvesters as one of the best power sources for portable power devices in the field of wireless technology. References [1] Amirtharajah R and Chandrakasan A P, â€Å"Self-powered low power signal processing,† IEEE Symposium, VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers, 1997, pp 25–26. [2] Amirtharajah R and Chandrakasan A P, â€Å"Self-powered signal processing using vibration-based power generation,† IEEE Journal of Solid-Stage Circuits, v 33 n 5, May 1998, pp 687–695. 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[30] Roundy S J, â€Å"Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Nodes with a Focus on Vibration to Electricity Conversion,† Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, 2003. [31] Roundy S, Wright P and Pister K, â€Å"Micro-electrostatic vibration-to-electricity converters,† Proceedings, IMECE, 2002, pp 1–10.