The Montessori Method early childhood

The Montessori Method early childhoodIntroductionThe Montessori Method was conceived in the early 1900s by Dr Maria Montessori, and was developed as an alternative method of early childhood learning. (Stevens, (n.d.) Montessori centres became established and recognised internationally including within Aotearoa NZ. Basic to Montessori is the premise that children atomic number 18 deemed individuals and need to be understood and granted the freedom to be guided or directed through the administration as opposed to being instructed. Learning should be determined by, and adapt to the needs, as they change through childhood. (Chattin-McNichols, 1992) Emphasis is placed on the use of specific equipment and other designated resources. The whole environment of a Montessori centre is designed to capture rice beer and lead to self learning, self discipline and fulfilment of a childs potential. (Montessori, 1912) As with other countries, a sociocultural construction has been introduced her e, and a dour with the introduction of Te Whriki, brings modifications to the reliable dogma. Although long controversial, the method is in demand as a valid means of alternative pedagogics and a wide variety of literature presents a valuable source of theoretical and practical knowledge. (Shuker, 2004)BackgroundEarly yearsMaria Montessori (1870 1953). She graduated as a doctor of medicine with honours in 1896 from the University of Rome. Her CV in the following few years included research work at a psychiatric clinic where her interest in children was sparked. She studied the whole kit of academics and practitioners such as Seguin, Rousseau, and Froebel and undertook courses in anthropology, philosophy and psychology. Tests and experiments in the 1900s at a school for the retarded children successfully helped develop her theories. This was followed in 1907 with the successful application of her methods at a new school in the slums of Rome. With success came global fame and accl aim for her and her system, followed by the establishment of centres globally. (Hainstock, 1997)Montessori in NZIn Aotearoa New Zealand, Montessori started in 1912, continuing gutter the 1950s when there was a decline. A revival started in 1975 continuing to this day. (Shuker, 2004)Montessori terminologyA few examples of Montessori terminology integral to the system atomic number 18 as follows didactic materials, disco real of the child, liberty, normalised child, order, prepared environment and sensorial exercises. (Hainstock, 1997)OverviewPurposeThe essence and essential purpose of Montessori is well encapsulated in the following didactics. If young people are to amass the challenge of survival that faces them today, it is imperative that their education develop to the fullest extent possible for their potential for creativity, initiative, independence, inner discipline and self confidence. (Lillard, (1972) p. 138) Written in the 1970s, the statement is timeless in concept, be ing just as applicable today as it was then.EnvironmentMontessori believed that the most important factors in achieving her ideal concept were the environment and the teachers. Apart from being organised and free from clutter, the environment had to be supporting, encouraging and foster a self belief in the child that would reveal his private attributes and interests. The indoor and turn updoor environments provided activities that were meaningful learning experiences. This environment contained only resources and materials that were specifically made to Montessoris standards chairs, tables, equipment, all made in regard to the childs size and strength. (Lillard, 1972) Two very important pieces of furniture that could not be done without were a long low cupboard for the resources, and a set of colourful drawers for the child to dumbfound their belongings in. (Montessori (1912) as cited in Shuker, 2004)Teachers roleThe role of the teacher is to be able to understand from observati on, the childs individual learning needs and the changes in those needs as they occur. This leads to directing or facilitating, the childs interest in and use of the didactic materials, exercises and games. The teacher is simply a link and therefore needs to be Montessori trained so as to be knowledgeable in the use of all the materials, techniques and processes to be used. (Montessori, 1988) plan delivery and contentThe delivery of the curriculum is fed through observations to louver essential stages practical life, sensorial education, language education, mathematics and the cultural area. The materials used in these areas all helped the childs perception using size, shape, volume, colour, pattern, odour, sound and texture. Later materials help the children in discoveries relating to mathematics, language and literacy, art, music, science, and social studies (Chisnall, 2008, web-based) The practical life experiences cover all the eitherday routines and how to cope with them tyin g shoelaces and opening and closing drawers. Sensorial education covers the use of the quintuplet senses smell, touch, taste, sight and hearing. Language development encompasses reading and writing and learning how to use good speech. This area is closely attuned to the sensory training, for without knowing how to feel and hold a pencil a child cannot learn how to write. The mathematics stage teaches the child the fundamental decimal system of counting up to and in groups of 10. The cultural aspect is shown through pictorial material, along with a globe of the world, puzzles and similar resources. (Hainstock, E.G. (1968)DiscussionThere are few similarities between a Montessori Method and a tralatitious mainstream approach while the differences are many. Some examples of both are as followsSimilaritiesMontessori believed that each child is unique with a potential that needs releasing. (Montessori, 1912) The Te Whriki Curriculum takes this approach and states that children learn thr ough individual exploration and reflecting. (Ministry of Education, 1996, p. 9)Montessori encouraged parents and caregivers to visit the classroom at any time however, they were not throw overboarded to distract the children or the teacher. (Montessori, 1912) Parents and caregivers are encouraged to visit the mainstream classroom and take an interest in their children. Parental involvement and understanding are necessary ingredients to realising the full potential of a Montessori education. (Hainstock, 1997, preface)Montessori believed that every child had a right to an education regardless of class, culture, race and ability. (Montessori, 1912) Te Whriki states the curriculum assumes that their care and education will be encompassed within the principles, strands and goals set out for all children in early childhood settings. (Ministry of Education, 1996)DifferencesMontessoris method was to stand back, observe, and let the child solve the problem themselves regardless of time take n. (Montessori, 1912) Education is different today. Teachers put one over to use the New Zealand curriculum which dictates what and when they have to teach. (Ministry of Education, 2007) There is still a certain amount of flexibility however, the teachers are unable to leave children for a long time.Montessori grouped children into three age groups which they stayed in until they were old enough to progress to the next group. She did not have a new entrance class. (Montessori, 1912) Our education system insists that children are put into aged related classrooms. (Ministry of Education, 2007)Montessori was a great believer in children working individually or in small groups. (Montessori, 1912) Todays children are taught in classroom group situations. (Hainstock, 1997)InfluencesControversy and confusion, mainly through misunderstanding, misinterpretation, and partial application of the method were common over the years. Other influences impacting include mainstream resistance, politi cal and philosophical vagaries, and patronage problems, statutory and regulatory impositions. Cultural elements have also been introduced into the curriculum and modifications have occurred. The shortage of Montessori trained teachers had a detrimental effect as well. (Shuker, 2004)Contribution to educational settingThe whole concept, philosophy and application of the Montessori Method obviously confine it to an alternative role in the field of education in Aotearoa New Zealand. animated pioneers of the system such as Martha Simpson and Binda Goldsbrough have been followed by equally enthusiastic and committed parents. The formation of a Montessori movement, teacher training standards, and the evolution to higher education levels shows there is an enduring and well supported demand for the Montessori approach. The survival of Montessori for over 100 years is due in some part to its portability, culture sensibility to its resident country and adaptability. (Shuker, 2004)Conclusion Personal reflection by Catherine MitchellMaria Montessori was ahead of her time. She had the childrens best interests at heart. However I feel had she been able to meet criticism in a constructive way then her methods would have had more of an influence in society today. Montessoris methods were built on her observations of the children and were adapted to meet their needs.I will use a lot of Montessoris methods in my teaching, as I agree with her approach. Each child is an individual we should be embracing this and allow the child to develop at their own pace. It is important as a teacher that you do what is best for the children in your care. My own attitudes have not changed or else they have enforced my beliefs that each child is unique.Personal reflection by Faye WinterWhat to make of Montessori? With no real previous knowledge, apart from being certified that is was an alternative education centre, this study has been extremely interesting and revealing. The credibility of the method is well supported by the founders wide academic background allied with her real(a) experience and observations with both special needs and mainstream children. In this regard, the method is well founded. Although there is a wide range of literature on the subject, acceptance or otherwise of the approach invites further in-depth study, preferably along with hands on experience. As a staff member at an early childhood centre, I can see the potential for the introduction of certain elements, in particular, the use of Montessori didactic materials. Montessori once said she had discovered the child. This may well be the pick up to her method.

The Impact Of Training And Development Commerce Essay

The Impact Of cookery And discip canal Commerce Es offerHuman resource prudence plays an nearly-valuable role in the success of a order. Most of the companies are real keen to pay attention towards their employees. Mainly HRM (Human Resource Management) is whole or so managing people at work. The most important lead off of human resource trouble is Training and training. It plays a key role in every shaping though few people disagree about the importance of instruction and maturation in the success of organisation. Appointing the right person at right time at right typeset take to a greater extent care and attention on the part of personal bring offr. A clear set of goals and well defined path should be needed for good schooling. Training convinces attitudes, knowledge and skills of employees and a alike(p) the way they work. A report published by workforce in May 2006 explains that despite think on qualification and woo control, companies are spending more and more on learn and increment. It is reflection of the fact that companies are keen about training and development to gain agonistical advantages. Most of the companies clearly under(a)stand that if workers are smarter and correct trained they stick out achieve their goals easily. In each organisation the central factor of Training and development is the human resources or the human capital. Human capital is viewed as the driving the force for the success of the organisation beca affair of their skills, competencies, knowledge and experience (Becker, 1975 Schmidt Lines, 2002 Harrison Kassel, 2004).Background for inquiry theatre of operationsAs looker wrote in look aim and objectives and fit in to the outlet of query the background of search is Training and development. I will focus on some critical issues regarding to training and development programmes. As Macdonalds is already a world famous food chain so they already using very well Training and development me thods merely still they need more and more inquiry on training and development processes. Employees are the of import assets of all companies. Every go with want his employees must be energetic and impressive so that the alliance can lead to the success. Organisational goals are always achieved by employees efficiency so it is an organisational need that their employees must be well trained. (Torrington et al, 2005). Organisations are taking great interest regarding their employees performance in these days. All organisations make sure that their employees are getting good and up to date training and development programmes. Although at that place are umpteen types of training and development programmes some give more effective and energetic employees to organisation (Sun, 2003 Skinner et al, 2003 Lee 2001).Human Resource Management has a key role to play in training the employees. Cowling and Mailer (1998) suggests that fundamentally training is given to both new employees a nd to employees who recently moved to a new work scope. They also said that in heighten process training is also very necessary. Thats y training and development becomes integrity of the most important tasks which HRM manager has to look at. The amount and kind of training is very important for manager they should be aware of this. A manager should always focus firstly on type of training methods they are using and thusly it is also very important for a manager to make sure that those training methods are organism put in practise through a typesetters caseable channel. A proper method of training in a proper channel makes an employee more effective and efficient (Bratton and Gold, 2003).This inquiry paper aims to secernate the training needs of suggested organisation. The method of training needed and the benefit of training to the organisation will be be discuss in this paper. This report will also tell that weather organisation achieved its Goals and aim by the help of tr aining and development. McDonalds Restaurants Limited has been selection for research because it is very easy for me to get information because the management is very friendly to academic research. And they can also learn new things from research. The Most important soil for choosing McDonalds is that I myself am the Employee of McDonalds.Company BackgroundMcDonalds is one of the famous global brands that bear spread its presence over the hold out 52 years. The company was started in 1955 by Roy Croc with the first restaurant being assailable in Des Plaines, US. This restaurant is no longer in operation now and has been turned into a museum. McDonalds brand mission is to be our customer, favourite place and way to eat. The companys worldwide operations are bounded by a global strategy called the Plan to Win which concentrates on the five basics of an extraordinary customer experience, people, products, place, price and promotion. The company is committed to improving their oper ations and thereby enhancing the customers experience (McDonalds 2010).McDonalds is the leading global food assist retailer that has more than 32,000 local restaurants in more than 117 countries. According to the company reports these restaurants serve approximately 50 million each day. McDonalds is one of the worlds most well-known and valuable brands. It holds a leading share in the globally branded fast-food restaurants segment in virtually every country in which they do descent. The company is proud that it serves the world some of its favourite foods like French Fries, Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Chicken Mc Nuggets and Egg Muffin. The procedures followed by the company have been developed over the years. This is one area that differentiates the company from other(a) fast-food restaurants. The attitude of the organization towards work and standards is evident from the words Roy Kroc who stated that if you have got time to lean, you have got time to clean (McDonalds, 2010).The c ompany has procedures in place to visit that the right candidates go through the system and attain nobleer(prenominal)er positions if they can prove their abilities. It is worth noticing that the company claims that 20 out of the top 50 management mental faculty started in McDonalds restaurants, including the CEO, Don Thompson and also 67,000 McDonalds restaurants managers and assistant managers started as restaurant staff (McDonalds 2010). This is significant considering that some take as long as 10 years to get to assistant manager position (McDonalds 2010). The organization has ensured that people with potential are spotted and retained. In hospitality and fast-food industry, the attrition rate is high and, despite this, the organization to ensure that it motivates its staff and also to keep on motivating them to put in a better performance. It is therefore of very high importance for the organization to ensure that it motivates its staff and also looks after their satisfacti on with the muse that they are doing. The company uses different burn upes at different levels in the organization. The righteousness of motivating staff at the restaurant level is given to the restaurant manager and the assistant manager who use promotion as a tool around to achieve this. They have to ensure that they can attain lower rates of attrition and also motivate the staff so that they are satisfied by both the job as well as the organization. This is achieved by the organization by using structured training and development programme besides the use of many other tools.McDonalds opened their first UK restaurant in Woolwich, London in 1974, today the company has over 1,250 restaurants across the UK McDonalds (UK) employs over 67,000 people, 43,000 within the company restaurants and a further 24,000 are employed by the franchisees. On average the company serves over 2.5 million customers every day. According to Peter Beresford (McDonalds 2006) people in the organization a re very important, and so is their continuous development. There are different approaches that organization uses to train their staff at various levels of employment. This research has been started to identify how the staff are trained and developed at the restaurant level. The research is based in Charing Cross restaurant to conduct the research the reason for choosing these have bee mentioned in upcoming chapter. In the attempt to gain insight into the practices followed by the organization at restaurant level.Statement of ProblemThe core problem of this psychoanalyse is Why training and development policies should be implemented by McDonalds and what is the role of the line managers at restaurant level in achieving better training for the employees?The main concern in this study is behaviour of company or an organisation which they show towards their employees. Organisation should ensure that their staffs are well trained in most aspects of their businesses (Torrington et al., 2 005). Training and development of the chosen organisation is of interest with respect to the up-to-date studies.Statement of break upAs for as statement of purpose is concern the topic which writer have chose is very much interesting for me. Researcher is an employee of McDonalds and research worker really wants to search about training and development processes in McDonalds. Another reason for choosing Training and Development is because it is very important part of Human Resource and Management which is a also a subject of writer specialization and in future writer would love to research more about HRM and Training and development. In almost every organisation HRM is very important for a company so this is also a reason.Significance of the problemThis topic is a very broad topic and very much important in any organisation. Every organisation admits that employees are the main assets so their top priority is to train the employees to achieve their goals. The main object of a man ager is to regain a problem in an organisation and after that he decides which type of training is required for which employer. In general training and development helps increasing productivity of the employees, squad spirit, organisational culture, organisational climate, quality and health and safety.Research Aim and ObjectivesThe aim and objective of this project are as pastimeTo identify the strategies available for training and development.To identify if there are any training and development programs in place in the organisation.Ti identify to what extent the program has been successfully implemented and if it is improving employee productivity as well as organisational productivity.To make recommendations for the future training and development programs so as to increase the benefits for the research organisation.Research questionsWhat HRM practices are usually implemented in McDonalds Charing Cross?What HRM practices are usually implemented by other fast food in retail s ector?Why training and development is important in the fast food in retail sector?What other HRM strategies could McDonald does adopt to enhance employees training and development?How employees are trained for new-made technology?Chapter-2 the Literature ReviewHuman resource management is one the major area of research in the business studies. There are many sub topics like recruitment, selection, induction, employee retention, and training and development. Training and development is the topic on which writer will research that how it is being applied in current research organisation. A discussion is raised about human resource development, organisational development, and organisational encyclopaedism to insure how training and development fits into the whole picture for the success of any company/organisation in business world.Human Resource DevelopmentThere are different types of HRD definition. The definition which is provided by UK Human resource development Council which is follows as Human resource development is basically a part of Human Resource and Management (HRM) which specifically deals with the training and development of employees. HRD would include training an soul after he or she is hired, providing opportunities to learn new skills, distributing resources which are beneficial for the employees task, and any other developmental activities. Human Resource Development is utilize for load-bearing(a) employees to improve their personal and organisational skills, knowledge and abilities. HRD includes opportunities like performance management and development, employee training, employee career development, coaching, mentoring, succession planning, key employee identification, tuition assistance, and organisation development. Human Resource Development can be formal much(prenominal) like class room training or a college course or an organizational planned change effort. On the other hand HRD can be informal as a manager coaching his employee. The main focus of all aspects of Human Resource Development and training the most senior management so that organizations and individual employees can together achieve their goals in customer service (Susan et al.,2010).Many people say that there is a difference amid HRM and HRD. According to them Human Resource is a major management activity and Human resource development is a profession. They superpower think HRM in HRD because in their point of view HRD reads in many activities to develop personnel inside of organisations, e.g., training, carer development, organisational development, organisational learning,etc.In most of the organisation the focus has moved from piecemeal training activities to more systematic human resource development. Organizations are changing their priorities. Organizations are becoming learning organizations and they are care them away from training individual employee. The competitive advantage of any firm comes from development of an organizations h uman capital. This is helping in learning experience of an employee and as a whole. According to Sloman (1994) the systematic training model depends on a series of a lawful feels define as a training policy, a method for identifying training needs, the formulation of training objectives, the development of a training plan, the implementation of a planned training programme, validation, evaluation and study of training. Companies are laborious to adopt high level of training model to meet their skill needs and they are linking training to strategical initiatives. Traditional training models are being rejected by many companies. There have been many changes in responsibility in line with the growth of HRM, delayering and divisonalisation. Training is seen as a job of line managers, with specialist trainers being utilise as an internal consultancy resource. The new approach needs a very effective communication system between the strategic decision makers, line managers and speci alist trainers.This is now understood that employees are main asset of any organization. Bank of Montreal Chairman says employees key to maximising continue growth. 27 February 2001 Bank of Montreal shareholders were told that employees are the real key to sustaining competitive advantage and financial performance. At the banks 18third annual meeting in Vancouver the chairman said The footing of Bank Montreals continued growth and success, and the only way to achieve its competitive advantage is through the performance of its 33.000 people. Even there is no doubt that investments in technology, products or delivery systems can be matched by competitors, since nothing profitable remains exclusive for long. The only sure and permanent way to stay forrad of the competition is to employ the most capable people and to ensure they are given every best opportunity to do their very best work, (Camper, 2001). From this use it is very clear that the bank is confident of the investment it has made in people.Human Resource Development (HRD) is a title which represents the latest evolutionary ramification in the long tradition of training, educating and developing people for the purpose of contributing towards the achievement of individual, organizational and social objectives. HRD as with the title HRM are like nutty and bolts of an organisation that can be interchanged and dispensed with at will. Drucker suggested the term biological HRD to vehemence the living nature of the people with in the organisation. The scope of training is broader then the scope of training. Education has also a less immediate and less specific application than training and is often perceived as being delivered in educational institutions. Education is regarded as surrounding knowledge, skills and attitudes (Bloom et al, 1956). Distinguish between education and training could be very problematic. The example of difference between training and education is like young child coming home and saying we had sex training today. Now this is a severe contrast to sex education classes that involve a theoretical rather than a practical application of learning. Frank investigated theoatical base of HRD in order to distinguish it from other fields and told that HRD is based on research and theories strained from the field of adult education and is very different from learning process that occurs in children. Frank also said that HRD is concerned with better performance within a work environment but it is not about improving peoples health and personal relation with their family. HRD also tells that how theory of change relate to an organisation and how an organisation use these theories (Frank, 1988).Human resource development is the study and practise by the help of which we can increase the learning mental object of individuals, groups, collectives, and organisations through the development and application of learning based inventions for the purpose of optimising human and o rganisational growth and effectiveness(chalofsky, 1992).Strategic role of HRD is increased a lot by strategic pressure and this includes accelerated rate of change, focus of quality, globalization of business, increased elasticity and reaction of organisations, increased pressure to show the involvement of human resources, new competitive structure and new technology(Graven et al, 1995).HRD contributed in many ways at all organizational levels to provide support with the help of all these pressure. In today business environment HRD is not only supporting the business strategies of organisations but it is also very useful in shaping of business strategy. HRD increase the competence of employees to follow up the organisation present performance demand along with meeting present organisational needs (Swanson, 1995). Strategic HRD is helping organisations to respond challenges and opportunities. It also helps in telling line managers supervisors and managers their roles. The continuous assessment of learning and development and enabling them to advance their careers and supporting organisational growth.The organisational environment consist of approximately six main departments, which are shown in design below and name as distribution, finance, human resources, marketing, production and research design.These all departments are related to one another although most of the organisation outsourced some of the elements such as distribution(John P.Wilson, 2005).Training and development is very important in every time and in every organisation weather it is small or liberal and Human resource and development is like back bone for any organisation because people are main asset of any organisation.Organisational development and organisational learningOrganisational development has come out as a key element in the strategic management of change. OD (Organisational Development) provide focus for the cultural and organisational change which is needed a lot for continuous improvement, support systems, culture and activities to the success of organisational goals. It enables better use of financial, human and technological resources, promote a better adept of organisational purpose and it is hence more likely to bring the required performance improvement. OD is a dynamic valued based approach to systems change in organisations and communities. In simpler OD defined as a behavioural science approach to the improvement of organisational efficiency which should lead to the accomplishment of organisational objectives. In practise OD is about moving the organisation on purpose. In any organization OD create an environment which enables staff to understand and deliver the organisations objective. It support managers and staff in accomplish their aims and objectives through the condition of an infrastructure for performance and development. OD involves both aphonic and soft issues. Strategies, policies, structure and system are considered as hard issues wh ereas developing skills, behaviour, attitudes, culture and style of leadership which enable the organisation to achieve performance are considered as soft issues. To avoid conflict between goals and needs both of these issues should be addressed. A strong and successful organizational development can be not easy because it involves undertake issues related with change and service improvement. In any process of organisational development following steps should be keep in mind like establishing a central point to forge and support organisational development activities. Organisational development should within the organisational structure correctly. We should be flexible and creative in using approach to the organisational development. Organisation should take important steps to build proper organisational skills and capacity. Momentum should be keep going. Organisational development, wherever apply, attempts to improve the overall success of the organisation (Tina Buckle, 2005).Chapt er Three Research MethodologyResearch schemaThis chapter elaborates how the research study was carried out. It is also talks about the limitation of the research and the methods used in this research. After looking at the literature available on training and development the research will look at the methodology which is use to perform the research. The research process onion (saunders et. al., 2003) is one of the most used research process structures. Using this structure we can classify different approaches, strategies and data collection method available under the different research philosophies. The research philosophy depends on the aims of the research along with its objectives. But in this case the philosophy being applied is not single and it is a mix of both philosophies. This research clearly shows a very higher influence of phenomenology in its approach to get the findings (Hussey and Hussey, 1997). This is mostly because the research does not pre define variables, but discover human behaviour in naturalistic settings, i.e., the research organisations. In this research the approach being applied is that of deduction.In good research design charts there is always a detailed research plan that how the research will be conducted . it will not only anticipate but also testify the decisions interconnected with the plan and explain how the data processing, data collection and analysis will be carried out, but will also represent a logical basis for each of these decisions (Blaxter et al, 2oo1). There are two approaches to ratiocination which may result in this gaining of new knowledge, namely inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning. inductive reasoning is a theory building process starting with observation of exact instances, and seeking to establish generalisation about the phenomenon under investigation. Deductive reasoning is a theory testing process which commences with an established theory or generalization, and seeks to see if the theory r elate to specific case (William, 2005). This current research looks at previous theories in relation to training and development and then sees if any or all of these theories are applicable from organisational prospective. So we can say that this research attempts to identify the issues surrounding training and development by applying the deductive approach. We can achieve better results by the combination of research approaches. Under the deductive approach we use multiple strategies for research. For better results it is suggested to combine different approaches. It can be deduced that it is ok to mix and match approach different research strategies under the deductive approach. The strategy which we used in current research are research as an exploratory study and as a case study. The current research will be the combination of these two strategies on the basis of the information which we collected from the education sources as mentioned in the next paragraph. This current resear ch could be ascertained to be a case study as only the study of small set of restaurants is involved which might not reflect the factual scenario in the whole organization taken in a holistic approach. This case study also allows the researcher to look at the population which might be similar in terms of jobs profile and work area, and on the basis of this the researcher could produce some overview.As exploratory research allows the researcher to address general informed questions from observation of the data collected, this type of case study is often very helpful to stimulate the further research. According to Robeson (2002), as cited by Saunders et al (2003), enquiries can be classified in term of their purposes as well as the research strategy used. Mostly the classification is used in three fold one of exploratory, descriptive and explanatory.According to Saunders et all(2003) are very common and valuable to find the proper conclusion. Hussey and Hussey (1997) define expenater y research as it is a research which is based on looking for new ideas. Exploratory research always have great advantages so this research falls under it. The most important advantages are flexibility and adaptability to change. On the other hand explanatory research is seen to be flexible as it has a broad focus but while progressing it gets narrow. It involves in formation of original idea and not testing or confirming the existing research area it is difficult to manage in short period as in the current case. This type of research needs a lot of study and time. If we look in the current case the researcher is trying to gain insights into the variables chosen in the research organisation. This research is classed as exploratory research as it is tryingto identify the influence of training and development to an organization as well as to an individual and also that how it helps in development of both. The researcher felt that these two methods are ideal and suit the research questi on because it allows the researcher to look at the organisations working style individually and also the whole organisation by using the exploration as it main tool.Time horizons is another aspect of the onion process that should be mentioned. We will class this result as a cross sectional research because of limited time available to conduct the research. According to Saunders et al (2003) and Hussey and Hussey (1997) that such researches comes under the cross sectional studies which are studies of a particular phenomenon at a particular time. These type of researches are designed such that they look that what is happening in a particular time using a research area in research setting. Most of the researches conducted at Masters and Bachelors are classed under this category. (Turabian, 1987).Data Collection MethodAfter deciding the research strategies the next step is to collect the data. The researcher uses the both primary and secondary data to perform the analysis and come to a conclusion. Normally secondary data are of the following types.Documentary (which is written or non written material)Survey (censuses, regular or ad-hoe surveys).Hakim (2000) defines secondary data as the data that were collected for another purpose and already exist somewhere. To find the findings of the research the researcher need to know about what has been written in same area. By using literature review the researcher can find that how their findings are similar or dissimilar to the research which was conducted previously (Easterby-Smith et al, 2002). According to Churchill (1991), the first step in any research is to collect secondary data to see whether the problem can be or wholly solved without collecting costly primary data. Similarly according to Kevin (1999) believes that secondary data provide the researcher with a source that they can use to answer or at least begin to answer the research question. Since the conducted from the organisational perspective so it is very necessary to understand the previous researches which has been conducted in the organisation and in the same industry. Hakim (2000) says that sometimes researchers may need to understand and relate previous researches that have already been performed in similar circumstances. Researcher can also use publication data which is industry specific or area specific and relates to the research question (Kevin, 1999). Secondary data was not only used as a reference frame for study but also was a channel toChapter -6 ReferencesWork Force, May 2006, Training and Development available at http//www.workforce.com/tools/reports/WorkforceManagementSpecialReportTD.pdf last accessed on 28/01/10McDonalds, 2010, Our Company available at http//www.aboutmcdonalds.com/mcd/our_company.html last accessed on 28/01/01Sun,H. (2003), conceptual clarifications for organisational learning, learning organisation and a learning organisational, Human Resource Development International, vol.6 No 2,pp.153-66.Skinner, J., Pownall, I. Cross, P. (2003), Is HRD practiced in micro- SMEs?, Human Resource Development International, Vol.6 No.4, pp. 475-89.Torrington, D., Hall L., and Taylor, s., (2005). Human Resource Management, 6th ed, Prentice Hall Europe, Essex, UkLee, M. (2001), A Refusal to Define HRD, Human Resource Development International, Vol.4 No.3, pp. 327-41.Bratton, J., and Gold, J.,(2003)Human Resource Management Theory and Practise, 3rd ed, Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire.http//www.businessdictionary.com/definition/human-resource-development-HRD.htmlhttp//humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryh/f/hr_development.htmhttp//www.hrmguide.co.uk/hrm/chap11/ch11-links2.htmhttp//www.hrmguide.net/canada/learning/bank_of_montreal.htmhttp//books.google.co.uk/books?hl=enlr=id=zpNc_GZIiikCoi=fndpg=PA3dq=human+resource+developmentots=o2WrtPGCk4sig=75P52YDdFEx57lEbQmXC7dhBEcgv=onepageq=f=falsehttp//www.city.ac.uk/sd/organisationaldevelopment.html

Gender Issues in Developing Countries

Gender Issues in Developing CountriesEmpowerment of Rural Woman in Bangladesh through AgricultureIntroductionThe gender comeback in create countries again highlighted at the World Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995 (Hicks, 1997). Womens work in the productive and tender sectors is a key aspect of ontogenesis. E actuallyone has a unique classification of empowerment based on his or her life experiences, behavior, and ambitions, person has the power to decide more or less their things, their life, and their actions can be identified as empowerment. Rao and Kelleher stated that the capacity of women to be sparingally self-sufficient and self-reliant with control over decisions affecting their life options and license from violence (Rao and Kelleher, 1995). The disempowerment of women reflects upon their less education level income, control over their own income, bargaining power in selling their own produce and labor. This susceptible insure ended an overall dependency of wo men on their male congeners through their life cycle particularly in underdeveloped countries which lowers their value of life in the society.Bangladesh is a developing country, according to the United Nations Gender-related Development Index (GDI), Bangladesh ranked 105th out of a total of 177 countries worldwide (Grimm, Harttgen et al., 2008). A patriarchal social schema dominate the life of women in Bangladesh, controls a womens mobility, the roles and everyday jobs. In Bangladesh tralatitiously men dominate women in all spheres of life. The poor women in rustic aras having the least power, have few rights, little choice about their lives, and very few chances to modification their condition. Women in Bangladesh in country area are primarily illiterate and often have the least to eat.Though, despite all of the problems, women do play a strong role in agricultural activities in Bangladesh. verdant activities includes crop yield and impact, post-harvest operations, livest ock husbandry, aquaculture and agro-social forestry.Figure 1 The Ratio of economically industrious women working in agriculture, 1980-2010 Source FAO (2003)LIFDCs low income food deficit countriesLDCs least Developed CountriesThe female component part to the overall parsimony in developing countries have particularly 43% of the agricultural labor force in developing countries in the agricultural sector like Bangladesh but societal and economic constraints limit their further inclusion in this field. (Food and Organization, 2011). Around 84% of the total universe lives in rustic areas where agriculture plays alert role in the economy, this sector comprises crops, forests, tilteries and livestock, Womens involvement to agriculture considered as unpaid family labor, is grossly underestimated. Bangladesh is a traditional Muslim country where women are hardly participate in agricultural activities outside home (Hossain and Bayes, 2009). In Bangladesh the womens agricultural activit ies limited to settle turnout and post-harvest operations but in youthful years they are virtuallyly involved in livestock and fowl rearing activities besides crop production. In Bangladesh womens contribution to socio-economic development were not noticeable, beca expend of a set of social criterions which allowed men to dominate womenWomens contribution in agricultural production is processing and storage of grains and pulses with household based small-scale industry. Men specially worked in public space like the fields, roads and market place on the another(prenominal) hand restrictions prevent women from attending the market. The contribution of women re of imports socially invisible control over the proceeds of their labor is transferred to male hands.In the case of rice, which is the main crops in Bangladesh provides a significant example of this process. Main responsible for preparing the fields, sowing the seeds, weeding and harvesting are men also carried the harvest home and help in the threshing. Women indeed conquest the process the paddy into rice, includes parboiling and drying the paddy, and storing the grain. In Bangladesh women spent an average of 3.1 hours per day on agricultural work while men spent 5.1 hours (Zaman, 1995).In Bangladesh the parent technologies are not adequately developed to handle although participation of women in agriculture increasing (Jaim and Hossain, 2011). Womens role is changing from unpaid family worker to active worker which is called as feminization of agriculture in the absence of male members in the family. Contribution of women in the agricultural sector has increased over time. Womens work increased from 3.2 million in Survey 1985/86 to 21 million in Survey 1989 (Rahman and Routray, 1998). During 19992000 and 200506, the number has increased from 3.76 to 7.71 million (Asaduzzaman, 2010).Women more likely to be involved in the agricultural sector who has poor households and risk of being food-insecur e, because theres earnings are important to their families survival.Limited use of ownership, and control of productive physical and human capital emphasis on womens ability to generate income in the agricultural sector. The disadvantage of Bangladeshi women relative to men with respect to assets brought to marriage, and human capital (Quisumbing, 2003). Women in Bangladesh lag behind in terms of education and the lack of education in adult women in Bangladesh live below half a dollar a day make them very poor (Ahmed, Hill et al., 2007)Development in poultry created many another(prenominal) employment opportunity in poultry industry and poultry related products. The revolution in poultry industry has achieved more than 200 percent evolution last 5 years because of new technology.(Shamsuddoha, 2005) fowl rearing can be considered as an alternative income generating activity for the development of rural women of Bangladesh.Poultry domain is mostly homestead-based and contributes a n important role to the agricultural sector in Bangladesh. Poultry rearing generates extra income for these families which is a part of agro-rearing practices of the village community of Bangladesh. Around 89% of the rural house-holds rear poultry (Fattah, 2000), mainly operated and managed by rural women on a small scale. Furthermore 70% of rural landless women are without delay or indirectly involved in poultry rearing activities.Family restrictions, social and traditional barriers keep rural women unable to work outside their home. For these difficult circumstances, homestead poultry rearing is considered the best way to add contribution to the household. It requires least land, small amount of investment and traditional k forthwithledge. Now a days one of the main sources of income for the rural women of Bangladesh is home-based poultry. They have the opportunity to spend the earnings for children, special occasions even educating their children. extra income from home-based po ultry rearing provides the survival of rural families which empowered by decision making process and gos them freedom to absorb part in making family decisions. (Hadi, 1997).By increasing the food consumption and nutrient intake poultry projects help rural women (Nielsen, Roos et al., 2003). Now a days the growing awareness in Bangladesh is rural women can play a vital role to the socio-economic growth of the country and provide their families with a higher standard of living (Alam, 1997). In this way poultry rearing can provide significant benefits to rural women in Bangladesh which lead to better empowerment.Bangladesh is the most promising countries for fresh water aquaculture industry which is second only to agriculture in the overall economy for its easy water resources and sub-tropical climate conditions. Women are involved in various aspects of freshwater aquaculture activities like fish feeding, on-farm feed preparation, pond fertilization, stocking and harvesting. Women s participation in the fish industry the production has increased by up to 20% (Ahmed and Toufique, 2014). Aquaculture related activities are very important for the empowerment of rural women in Bangladesh. Most rural women have the absence of technical knowledge in aquaculture, heavy household tasks and socio-cultural constraints such as mobility restriction keeps out womens participation in aquaculture activities. For this contribution in aquaculture by women is under expectation. Economic, nutritional and social benefits are interlinked in order to empower rural women in Bangladesh. Women have generally improved their standard of living, purchasing power and ability as an economic actor which enhance their position in families. Womens participation in aquaculture improve empowerment which give them greater equity, mobility, more control over resources and political awareness helps to reduce incidents of domestic violence .The expansion of small-scale aquaculture in rural Banglade sh, the women are now breaking through the traditional norms and able to come forward for participate in the development activities outside their homesteads.Several rural women in Bangladesh have successfully adopted and developed with aquaculture production. They feed and harvest fish, also raise fry to yield fingerlings for stocking ponds, they are mainly responsible for the skilled and time consuming tasks that take place on-shore like making and mending nets, processing and marketing fish.Women are previously engaged in coastal area of Bangladesh where shrimp farming is a dominant occupation. Nearly 85% of the women are involved in fry collecting which does not interfere with their day-to-day household work, and helps addition the household income.(Shelly and Costa, 2002).Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh works upon addressing poverty as well as rural development, gender equality, environmental preservation, tragedy management, human rights and other social issue s. It also support common and financial empowerment of the poor, microcredit, agriculture and related activities, water supply and sanitation, women entrepreneur development and other areas.Bangladesh is the most active NGO sector in the developing world, over 6000 registered NGOs are active and about 10 percent play a major role. (Rahman, 2006)The NGOs works on many programs to develop women development and sustainable development in the society, raise the capacity of the women to participate in national, social and democratic processes and to participate in national and local business activities. Most of the sectors are agro based due to most of the women are still engaged with the agro-based sectors like paddy production, poultry farming, dairy farming etc.ConclusionIn recent year a great percentage women in Bangladesh are both directly and indirectly involved in agricultural activities . In crop production activities women involvement is mostly related to managerial activities. Women friendly pre-harvest as well as post- harvest technologies for crop production and processing. Participation of women in Livestock and poultry production activities as well as in homestead gardening has gradually increased to a substantial extent. A women in Bangladesh feel more comfortable in agricultural activities. If a woman achieve capability in 80% or more of the weighted pointed as empoweredWhen economic activities incise the rural women benefit most in Bangladesh. Socioeconomic conditions rise within the households with increased participation in aquaculture, which give her increased decision-making power on household management and income making activities. Poverty is the main cause of difference in a rural phenomenon, for the impact of fisheries and aquaculture gender equity become very high. Most prominently visible economic benefits were able to originate from various activities has gained them suitable place in the decision making process.ReferencesAhmed, A. U., et al. (2007). The worlds most deprived Characteristics and causes of extreme poverty and hunger International Food Policy Research Institute. Washington, DC 145.Ahmed, N. and K. A. Toufique (2014). Greening the blue revolution of smallscale freshwater aquaculture in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Aquaculture Research.Alam, J. (1997). Impact of smallholder livestock development project in some selected areas of rural Bangladesh. Livestock research for rural development 9(3) 1-14.Asaduzzaman, M. (2010). The next agricultural changeover in Bangladesh Which transition, why and how? conference on Understanding the Next Generation in Asia, Bangkok, April.Fattah, K. A. (2000). Poultry as a tool in poverty obliteration and promotion of gender equality. Frands Dolberg and Poul Henning Petersen (eds.) 10.Food, U. and A. Organization (2011). The State of Food and Agriculture 20102011 Women in Agriculture Closing the Gender Gap for Development. FAO Home, http//www. fao. org/docrep/013/i2050e/i2050e 00. htm (accessed 1 November 2011).Grimm, M., et al. (2008). A human development index by income groups.World development 36(12) 2527-2546.Hadi, A. (1997). The NGO intervention and womens empowerment--the Bangladesh experience.Hicks, D. A. (1997). The inequality-adjusted human development index a constructive proposal. World development 25(8) 1283-1298.Hossain, M. and A. Bayes (2009). Rural economy and livelihoods Insights from Bangladesh, AH Development Publishing House.Jaim, W. and M. Hossain (2011). Womens Participation in Agriculture in Bangladesh 1988-2008 Changes and Determinants. pre-conference event on Dynamics of Rural Livelihoods and Poverty in South Asia seventh Asian Society of Agricultural Economists (ASAE) International Conference Hanoi, Vietnam.Nielsen, H., et al. (2003). The impact of semi-scavenging poultry production on the consumption of animal source foods by women and girls in Bangladesh. The journal of nutrition 133(11) 4027S-4030S.Quisumbing, A. R. (2003). Hou sehold decisions, gender, and development a synthesis of recent research, International Food Policy Research Institute.Rahman, S. (2006). Development, democracy and the NGO sector theory and grounds from Bangladesh. Journal of developing societies 22(4) 451-473.Rahman, S. and J. K. Routray (1998). Technological change and womens participation in crop production in Bangladesh. Gender, Technology and Development 2(2) 243-267.Rao, A. and D. Kelleher (1995). Engendering organizational change the BRAC case. IDS bulletin 26(3) 69-78.Shamsuddoha, M. (2005). Poultry rearing-an alternative income generating activity for rural women development of Bangladesh.Chittagong University Journal of Commerce 19.Shelly, A. and M. Costa (2002). Women in aquaculture initiatives of caritas Bangladesh. Penang, Malaysia, ICLARM-The World Fish Center 77-87.Zaman, H. (1995). Patterns of activity and use of time in rural Bangladesh class, gender, and seasonal variations. The Journal of Developing Areas 371-38 8.

Hemmingways In Our Time :: Hemmingway In Our Time

Hemmingways In Our Time   Half-way through use uping Hemmingways collection In Our Time I was interrupted by my roommate, George. He wanted to know how I liked the story. He seems to be very impressed that Im reading Hemmingway. I explained to him that it was, in fact, not one story, but a collection of short stories. He asked if they had a common theme or not, and I found it nasty to answer. "Yeas and no," I said. I then went on to explain that although one character, Nick, appeared occasionally, the stories didnt flow as one large story. "Its sort of like a painting," I told him, "If you could picking out any one individual brush-stroke and study it, it would be meaningless. But if you pull back and see all the brush-strokes, you can view the painting in its entirety." He thought this was very wise and went away, contented that I was a literate genius. Myself, I didnt really know what to gather from the stories. Ive never honestly read any Hemmin gway previously. Ive started to read The Sun Also Rises about ten times and gotten waylaid by Batman, Robert B. Parker, and the like each time. I think I read The honest-to-goodness Man and the Sea ages ago in high school, but it was so long ago that it has slipped completely from my memory. He is one of those authors that I always subsume with my father and his college years for some reason, although Im not entirely sure why. Ive always wanted to read Hemmingway, but Ive always wanted to read all of Shakespeare, Homer, and Eliot, too. The variant Im reading has the short stories separated by "Chapters" which do and dont tell a story. The "Chapters" strongly remind me of Pink Floyds The Wall. I was also surprised at how elemental it is to read them. They are perfect examples of how Poe defined the short story quick, (sometimes) powerful, and written to evoke one feeling. After reading The End of Something, for example, I was struck by how easily Hemmingway made m e sad. The ending to A Very Short Story was pure torture. All the stories are simply constructed, no superfluous words, no redundant images to clutter the feeling. They seem to be written with Strunk and Whites Elements of Style in mind.

The Coyote: Taking Illegal Immigrants Across the Border Essay -- Illeg

The Coyote Taking Illegal Immigrants Across the Border I would similar the critics of in-migration to think of the coyotes while you read this paper. The coyote has the easiest job pertaining to illegal immigration. They ar paid well and once they have d integrity there job, they can go on there way with a fat wallet and no worries. The immigrants who pay these population their loot of cash that they most kindredly saved for who knows how long, are now the new victims of these coyotes. These illegal immigrants now must find shelter and jobs to start their new lives in the United States. I would like to show both stories of these two types of people on different paths. The coyote that transports the immigrants across the border and the immigrant who now has to start a new life from scratch. I chose this topic because I found it most interesting to me and the fact that I have known both illegal immigrants and coyotes. This topic relates to migration and culture beca use it is one of the biggest businesses along the bordering states of the United States.This is one of the biggest population increases into our country. Along with these new immigrants will be their culture, just because their new home is in United States does non mean they will live like the Statesns. Their culture will flourish through their homes, clothes and food. Immigrants will flow to the neighborhoods and areas of the city that host most of their people. Hispanics will likely find pro-Latino neighborhoods just like Asians will migrate to china towns or similar Asian neighborhoods. This is where their culture will be ultimately displayed. For Latinos west and south genus Phoenix in Arizona have become havens for these new immigrants. The majority of the areas h... ... on these people and most of them would not arrive here safely without them. Who should the people of America have sour feelings towards, fellow humans trying to find a better life for their children or coyote s who are taking advantage of laws and innocent people? Maybe heavier laws and fines for coyotes would slow the immigration flow into the United States. The immigrants have nothing to lose if they get caught. They will not stop coming into the country as long as there is a job that no one else wants to occupy. Maybe we should look at these businesses that welcome the illegal work force. Immigrants will not stop flowing into the United States, the business is too big, and the money is too large. There is too much help available for the immigrants to get from there to here. Coyotes are available for the right price on both sides of the borders.

The Final Episode of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Es

The Great Importance of the Final sequence of Huckleberry Finn One of the things many critics of Huckleberry Finn incisively cant seem to understand is the final episode of the novel where tomcat returns and sidetracks Huck from his rescue of Jim through a long series of silly, sonish plans based on ideas tom turkey has picked up from Romantic novels, such as those of Walter Scott. connoisseur Stephen Railton dismisses these final chapters as just another version of their Royal Nonesuch (405) referring, of course, to the silly play put on by the Duke and Dauphin in chapter 23. From one channelize of view, this whole evasion sequence seems funny and humorous in the traditions of frontier and southwestern humor. Twain had a reputation as a humorist, and some of his readers got a big laugh out of this section. Many, however, are put off by it think it seems out of place in this novel which deals with so many serious, big(p) subjects whos theme is mans inhumanity to ward man but still able to be surpassed by the simple friendship developed between a white boy and a Black slave on a raft. To many, who dont look too deeply, this final episode seems out of place, anticlimactical, undermining, or just downright abhorrent. Philip Young called the oddment irrelevant (Gullason 357). Leo Marx called it a flimsy contrivance (Gullason 357). And William Van OConnor called it a serious anti-climax (Gullason 357). Thats just a small sampling. But can it really be just some silly nonsense, some Royal Nonesuch? Can we really think so little of Twain to believe that he would just abandon the seriousness of ... ...d E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1961. 305-309. Railton, Stephen. Jim and Mark Twain What Do Dey Stan For? Virginia Quarterly Review 63.3 (Summer 1987) 393-408. Rubenstein, Gilbert M. The Moral Structure of Huckleberry Finn. College English 18 (Nov. 1956) 72-76. Rpt. in Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn An Anno tated Text, terra firma and Sources, Essays in noviceism. Eds. Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1961. 378-384. Stallman, R. W. Reality and Parody in Huckleberry Finn. College English 18 (May 1957) 425-426. Rpt. in Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn An Annotated Text, primer coat and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Eds. Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1961. 384-387. The Final Episode of Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn EsThe Great Importance of the Final Episode of Huckleberry Finn One of the things many critics of Huckleberry Finn just cant seem to understand is the final episode of the novel where Tom returns and sidetracks Huck from his rescue of Jim through a long series of silly, boyish plans based on ideas Tom has picked up from Romantic novels, such as those of Walter Scott. Critic Stephen Railton dismisses these final cha pters as just another version of their Royal Nonesuch (405) referring, of course, to the silly play put on by the Duke and Dauphin in chapter 23. From one daub of view, this whole evasion sequence seems funny and humorous in the traditions of frontier and southwestern humor. Twain had a reputation as a humorist, and some of his readers got a big laugh out of this section. Many, however, are put off by it think it seems out of place in this novel which deals with so many serious, grownup subjects whos theme is mans inhumanity toward man but still able to be surpassed by the simple friendship developed between a white boy and a Black slave on a raft. To many, who dont look too deeply, this final episode seems out of place, anticlimactical, undermining, or just downright abhorrent. Philip Young called the ending irrelevant (Gullason 357). Leo Marx called it a flimsy contrivance (Gullason 357). And William Van OConnor called it a serious anti-climax (Gullason 357). Thats just a small sampling. But can it really be just some silly nonsense, some Royal Nonesuch? Can we really think so little of Twain to believe that he would just abandon the seriousness of ... ...d E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1961. 305-309. Railton, Stephen. Jim and Mark Twain What Do Dey Stan For? Virginia Quarterly Review 63.3 (Summer 1987) 393-408. Rubenstein, Gilbert M. The Moral Structure of Huckleberry Finn. College English 18 (Nov. 1956) 72-76. Rpt. in Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn An Annotated Text, Background and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Eds. Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New York Norton, 1961. 378-384. Stallman, R. W. Reality and Parody in Huckleberry Finn. College English 18 (May 1957) 425-426. Rpt. in Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn An Annotated Text, Background and Sources, Essays in Criticism. Eds. Sculley Bradley, Richmond Croom Beatty, and E. Hudson Long. New Yor k Norton, 1961. 384-387.

Religion is Unnecessary Essay -- essays research papers

righteousness is UnnecessaryOverall IntroductionWhat is Religion? tally to Atheism.com Religion is the set of beliefs, feelings, dogmas and practices that define the relations between human being and sacred or divinity. Religion supposedly gives a person an identity and relationship. Religion deals with answers to identity-forming questions such asSelfhood - "Who am I?" "Where did I come from?" Meaning - "Why am I?" "Where testament I go when I scrag?"Purpose - "What do I do?" "What is the purpose of life?No particular religion is ever really ONLY one type of dimension, just is rather a complex whole. The Ritual dimension is what believers DO Rituals provide believers with a symbolic mode of communication designed to propel them out of nondescript experience and into extraordinary realities Rituals are often based on the myths contained in a given worldview. Believers feel called upon to do what their great leaders did. Thus, Christi ans celebrate the religious rite of the Last Supper (the Eucharist) just as Jesus did almost 2,000 years ago. And in participating in this unique, myth-based ritual, a full-on Christian is brought back into authentic Christian experience, which will be the basis of our discussion today, if such Dimension and others is necessary.My Introduction Religion is the biggest killer of all time, with many countries being destroyed. The reason is simple. A religion that allows its flock to "stray...